The Jalilabad copper deposit in the Tarom-Hashjin magmatic belt, NW Iran:Epithermal or porphyry deposit? Evidence from geology, alteration, geochemistry, fluid inclusions, and stable isotope studies

IF 1.4 4区地球科学 Q3 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS

Acta Geochimica Pub Date : 2025-08-16 DOI:10.1007/s11631-025-00806-6

Mohammadreza Hosseinzadeh, Ali Asadi, Vartan Simmonds, Matthew I. Leybourne, Mohsen Moayyed, Yalda Vahed

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Abstract

The Jalilabad Cu (± Au) deposit lies in the central section of the Tarom-Hashjin Metallogenic Belt, in northern Zanjan Province, NW Iran. Mineralization predominantly occurs within quartz-sulfide veins, veinlets, and breccia zones, primarily hosted by the Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic units of the Karaj Formation. The mineralization trends NW–SE and is influenced by several strike-slip faults. Chalcopyrite and bornite are the principal hypogene sulfides, with chalcocite and covellite representing the supergene stage. The post-ore stage is characterized by brecciated calcite and quartz. Geochemical analyses show that the monzonite intrusion contains SiO₂ levels ranging from 69.80 to 70.24 wt.%, K₂O+Na₂O values between 8.10 and 8.15 wt.%, and K₂O/Na₂O ratios of 1.36 to 1.61. The intrusion is enriched in light rare earth elements (LREEs) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILEs) while being depleted in high-field-strength elements (HFSEs). A low Hf/Sm ratio indicates an orogenic-related magma, and a low Nb/La ratio points to a depleted mantle source. Microthermometric studies of three quartz types reveal moderate to high formation temperatures (195.4–322.7 °C) and salinities ranging from 8.10 to 11.82 wt.% NaCl_equiv. Oxygen isotope data (δ¹⁸O_H2OO) range from +4.8‰ to +8.1‰, suggesting a magmatic origin for the ore-forming fluids, later diluted by meteoric water. Sulfur isotope values (δ³⁴S_H2S) between −6.0‰ and −9.1‰ confirm a magmatic source. Fluid mixing and dilution are identified as the primary mechanisms for ore precipitation. Raman spectroscopy enables nondestructive identification of minerals through their unique vibrational peaks. Chalcopyrite (213, 280, 1304 cm⁻¹), hematite (214, 282, 469, 689, 1309 cm⁻¹), goethite (967 cm⁻¹), and quartz (125, 198, 458 cm⁻¹) show distinct spectral fingerprints indicating mineral differentiation, alteration tracking, and structural analysis in geological studies. Based on its geological context, the Jalilabad Cu (± Au) deposit is interpreted as resembling a high-sulfidation epithermal deposit.

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伊朗东北部Tarom-Hashjin岩浆带Jalilabad铜矿床：浅成热液矿床还是斑岩矿床？来自地质、蚀变、地球化学、流体包裹体和稳定同位素研究的证据

Jalilabad铜（±金）矿床位于伊朗赞詹省北部Tarom-Hashjin成矿带中段。矿化主要发生在石英硫化物脉、细脉和角砾岩带中，主要赋存于卡拉杰组始新世火山和火山碎屑岩单元。成矿走向北西-东南，受多条走滑断裂的影响。黄铜矿和斑铜矿为主要的下第三系硫化物，辉铜矿和钴岩为表第三系硫化物。矿后阶段以角化方解石和石英为特征。地球化学分析表明，二长岩岩体sio2含量为69.80 ~ 70.24 wt.%， K₂O+Na₂O值为8.10 ~ 8.15 wt.%， K₂O/Na₂O比值为1.36 ~ 1.61。侵入体富集轻稀土元素（lree）和大离子亲石元素（LILEs），而贫高场强元素（hfse）。较低的Hf/Sm比值表明岩浆与造山带有关，较低的Nb/La比值表明地幔源枯竭。显微测温研究表明，三种石英类型的地层温度为中至高（195.4-322.7°C），盐度为8.10 - 11.82 wt.% NaClequiv。氧同位素数据（δ 18oh200）变化范围为+4.8‰~ +8.1‰，表明成矿流体来源于岩浆，后来被大气降水稀释。硫同位素（δ34SH2S）值在−6.0‰~−9.1‰之间，确定岩浆源。流体混合和贫化是矿石沉淀的主要机制。拉曼光谱可以通过其独特的振动峰对矿物进行无损鉴定。黄铜矿（213、280、1304 cm−1）、赤铁矿（214、282、469、689、1309 cm−1）、针铁矿（967 cm−1）和石英（125、198、458 cm−1）在地质研究中表现出明显的光谱指纹图谱，为矿物分异、蚀变追踪和构造分析提供了依据。根据其地质背景，Jalilabad铜（±Au）矿床类似于高硫化浅成热液矿床。

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来源期刊

Acta Geochimica GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS-

CiteScore

2.80

自引率

6.20%

发文量

1134

期刊介绍： Acta Geochimica serves as the international forum for essential research on geochemistry, the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth‘s crust, its oceans and the entire Solar System, as well as a number of processes including mantle convection, the formation of planets and the origins of granite and basalt. The journal focuses on, but is not limited to the following aspects: • Cosmochemistry • Mantle Geochemistry • Ore-deposit Geochemistry • Organic Geochemistry • Environmental Geochemistry • Computational Geochemistry • Isotope Geochemistry • NanoGeochemistry All research articles published in this journal have undergone rigorous peer review. In addition to original research articles, Acta Geochimica publishes reviews and short communications, aiming to rapidly disseminate the research results of timely interest, and comprehensive reviews of emerging topics in all the areas of geochemistry.