Characterizing non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in India: prevalence and risk factor analysis, 2022-2024

IF 4.4 2区医学 Q1 SUBSTANCE ABUSE

International Journal of Drug Policy Pub Date : 2026-01-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-22 DOI:10.1016/j.drugpo.2025.105073

Mihili P. Gunaratne , Talia A. Loeb , Allison M. McFall , Lakshmi Ganapathi , Jiban J. Baishya , Ashwini Kedar , Archit K. Sinha , Aylur K. Srikrishnan , Sunil S. Solomon , Gregory M. Lucas , Shruti H. Mehta

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background

Non-fatal overdose strongly predicts future fatal overdose, yet limited prior work describes the burden among people who inject drugs (PWID) in India. We estimated prevalence and identified correlates of non-fatal overdose among PWID from India.

Methods

We conducted respondent-driven sampling (RDS) surveys among PWID across 6 Indian cities (n∼750/site; Amritsar, Bilaspur, Churchandpur, Delhi, Kanpur, and Ludhiana) during 2022–2024. Prevalence of non-fatal overdose in the prior 6 months and non-mutually exclusive events following the overdose were estimated using RDS-weighted descriptive statistics. Correlates (i.e., sociodemographics, HIV and hepatitis C status, substance use in the prior 6 months, and psychosocial symptoms) were assessed using multilevel logistic regression.

Results

Prevalence of non-fatal overdose was 8.8% among 4495 PWID. Factors significantly associated with overdose included daily or seasonal employment (vs. monthly or weekly wages), hepatitis C antibody positive status, witnessing a fatal overdose, injecting 3 or more times per day (vs. 1–2 times per day), concurrent use of heroin and stimulants (vs. buprenorphine or other prescription opioids only), hazardous alcohol use, attending a medical facility for addiction or detoxification, and experiencing mild or depressive symptoms (vs. none). Following the overdose, 44.7% reported help from a friend or family member, 25.5% reported nothing happened, 12.9% went to a hospital, and 5.6% were referred to drug treatment or detoxification.

Conclusions

We observed a variable burden of non-fatal overdose associated with high injection frequency, combination drug use, alcohol use, attending medical detoxification, and depressive symptoms. Low levels of subsequent linkage to treatment services suggest opportunities to improve overdose prevention and management.

查看原文本刊更多论文

印度注射毒品人群中非致命性过量的特征：患病率和风险因素分析，2022-2024

背景：非致命性药物过量强烈预测未来致命性药物过量，然而有限的先前工作描述了印度注射吸毒者（PWID）的负担。我们估计了印度PWID的患病率，并确定了非致命性用药过量的相关因素。方法我们在2022-2024年期间对印度6个城市的PWID进行了受访者驱动抽样（RDS）调查（n ~ 750/站点；阿姆利则、比拉斯普尔、丘尔昌普尔、德里、坎普尔和卢迪亚纳）。使用rds加权描述性统计估计前6个月内非致死性用药过量发生率和用药过量后非互斥事件发生率。相关因素（即社会人口统计学、艾滋病毒和丙型肝炎状况、前6个月的药物使用情况以及心理社会症状）采用多水平logistic回归进行评估。结果4495例PWID患者非致死性用药过量发生率为8.8%。与药物过量显著相关的因素包括每日或季节性就业（相对于每月或每周工资）、丙型肝炎抗体阳性、目睹致命的药物过量、每天注射3次或更多次（相对于每天1-2次）、同时使用海洛因和兴奋剂（相对于丁丙诺啡或其他处方阿片类药物）、危险饮酒、因成瘾或戒毒而前往医疗机构、经历轻度或抑郁症状（相对于无）。在吸毒过量后，44.7%的人表示得到了朋友或家人的帮助，25.5%的人表示什么也没发生，12.9%的人去了医院，5.6%的人接受了药物治疗或戒毒。结论：我们观察到非致死性药物过量的可变负担与高注射频率、联合用药、酒精使用、参加医学解毒和抑郁症状相关。随后与治疗服务的低水平联系表明有机会改进过量预防和管理。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Drug Policy SUBSTANCE ABUSE-

CiteScore

7.80

自引率

11.40%

发文量

307

审稿时长

62 days

期刊介绍： The International Journal of Drug Policy provides a forum for the dissemination of current research, reviews, debate, and critical analysis on drug use and drug policy in a global context. It seeks to publish material on the social, political, legal, and health contexts of psychoactive substance use, both licit and illicit. The journal is particularly concerned to explore the effects of drug policy and practice on drug-using behaviour and its health and social consequences. It is the policy of the journal to represent a wide range of material on drug-related matters from around the world.