Identification of Gambierdiscus species from La Réunion and evaluation of toxicity and toxin profile

IF 4.1 1区生物学 Q1 MARINE & FRESHWATER BIOLOGY

Harmful Algae Pub Date : 2025-12-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-16 DOI:10.1016/j.hal.2025.103003

Lourdes Barreiro-Crespo , Andres Sanchez-Henao , Sandra Gimeno-Monforte , Jaume Reverté , Mònica Campàs , María García-Altares , Alina Tunin-Ley , Fanny Maillot , Cintia Flores , Nicolas Chomérat , Gwenaël Bilien , Takeshi Tsumuraya , Núria Fontanals , Francesc Borrull , Jean Turquet , Jorge Diogène , Maria Rambla-Alegre

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Abstract

Five different species of Gambierdiscus have been identified in La Réunion (G. belizeanus, G. balechii, G. pacificus, G. silvae and G. ribotype 2) by morphological observations in Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis. Growth rates of cultures have also been evaluated showing values from 0.09 to 0.36 d^-1.

The toxicity and toxin profile of thirteen strains have been analysed by a multidisciplinary approach with Neuro-2a cell-based assay (CBA), magnetic bead-based immunoassay, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and LC coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LCHRMS). G. balechii showed the highest toxicity by CBA (∼627 fg equiv. CTX1B·cell ^-1) followed by G. ribotype 2 (76 to 13 fg equiv. CTX1B·cell ^-1), G. balechii (63 to 7 fg equiv. CTX1B·cell ^-1), G. belizeanus (30 to 20 fg equiv. CTX1B·cell ^-1) and G. pacificus with values close to LOQ but not conclusive. The toxin profile for the 13 strains was evaluated by LC-MS/MS using seven different methods and being gambierone and 44-methylgambierone the two only known compounds, found in high concentrations in all samples. Gambierone was detected from 2.05 pg ·cell^-1 in G. balechii (P-0414B) to 12.91 pg·cell^-1 in G. balechii (P-0414A) and 44-methylgambierone was detected from 1.93 pg·cell^-1 in G. belizeanus (P-0414B) to 14.95 pg·cell^-1 in G. pacificus (P-0304). These samples were analysed also by LCHRMS, confirming gambierone and 44-methylgambierone the main compounds detected. Additionally, a potential polyether sulphur-containing compound corresponding to the novel molecular formula C₆₂H₉₄O₂₃S ([M+NH₄]⁺, m/z 1256.6234) were tentatively identified.

This study combining morphological and molecular data is the first to mention such diversity in the area. It is also the first time that toxicity and toxin profile of Gambierdiscus from La Réunion have been evaluated.

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冈比亚铁花的种类鉴定及毒性和毒素谱评价

通过扫描电镜（SEM）形态学观察、分子鉴定和系统发育分析，鉴定出了5种不同种类的冈比亚板栗（G. belizeanus， G. balechii， G. pacificus， G. silvae和G. ribotype 2）。还对培养物的生长速率进行了评估，显示值为0.09至0.36 d-1。采用基于神经2a细胞法（CBA）、磁珠免疫法、液相色谱-串联质谱法（LC-MS/MS）和液相色谱-高分辨率质谱法（LCHRMS）等多学科方法对13株菌株的毒性和毒素谱进行了分析。CBA对G. balechii的毒性最高（约627 fg当量，CTX1B·细胞-1），其次是G. ribotype 2 (76 ~ 13 fg当量，CTX1B·细胞-1)，G. balechii (63 ~ 7 fg当量，CTX1B·细胞-1)，G. belizeanus （30 ~ 20 fg当量，CTX1B·细胞-1）和G. pacificus，其毒性值接近LOQ，但不确定。采用LC-MS/MS对13株菌株的毒素谱进行了7种不同方法的分析，其中甘比酮和44-甲基甘比酮是唯一已知的两种化合物，在所有样品中均存在高浓度。balechii G. （P-0414B）至balechii G. （P-0414A）的甘比酮含量为2.05 ~ 12.91 pg·cell-1, belizeanus （P-0414B）至pacificus （P-0304）的甘比酮含量为1.93 ~ 14.95 pg·cell-1。用LCHRMS对样品进行分析，确定主要检测到甘比酮和44-甲基甘比酮。此外，还初步确定了一种与新分子式C62H94O23S （[M+NH4]+, M /z 1256.6234）对应的潜在聚醚含硫化合物。这项结合形态学和分子数据的研究首次在该地区提到了这种多样性。这也是首次对取自拉西乌姆的冈比亚铁饼的毒性和毒素谱进行评价。

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来源期刊

Harmful Algae 生物-海洋与淡水生物学

CiteScore

12.50

自引率

15.20%

发文量

122

审稿时长

7.5 months

期刊介绍： This journal provides a forum to promote knowledge of harmful microalgae and macroalgae, including cyanobacteria, as well as monitoring, management and control of these organisms.