Assessing on-road cyclist behavior: A pilot evaluation of the cyclist behavior questionnaire for U.S. riders

Abstract

Introduction

Cycling is an affordable and environmentally sustainable mode of transportation that promotes physical activity. However, the rising cyclist-motor vehicle crashes in the U.S. highlights the need to understand behavioral factors associated with cyclist crashes. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a Cyclist Behavior Questionnaire (CBQ-US) for the U.S. riders.

Methods

This study employed a mixed-method validation by combining a self-reported survey (N = 224) with a scenario-based bike simulator study. The psychometric structure was examined using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Predictive validity was tested in a bike simulator using ordinal logistic regression, and ANOVA was used to reveal demographic differences.

Results

PCA identified a four-factor model (violation, aggressive violation, positive behavior, and distraction and forgetfulness), that explained 66.9 % of the variance. CFA confirmed the structure with adequate model fit. Simulator-based scenarios significantly predicted the CBQ-US subscales. Demographic analyses demonstrated that male cyclists exhibited higher rates of aggressive violations. Middle-aged cyclists and those with a history of crashes with non-motor vehicles reported more distraction and forgetfulness. Notable differences were also observed across states, indicating the influence of inconsistent infrastructure and traffic laws.

Conclusion

The CBQ-US demonstrated strong psychometric properties, and the findings support the need for targeted interventions, such as restricting phone use, promoting bone-conductive headphones, infrastructure improvements and educational campaigns, to reduce crash risks. Despite having some limitations, the CBQ-US can be used as a useful tool in behavioral research and policy developments to promote cyclist safety and encourage active travel.