Quality Trumps Quantity in Longevity: Cognitive and Physical Reserves for Healthy Aging

Abstract

Both cognitive reserves and physical fitness are cumulatively developed and strengthened over the lifespan through sustained exercise, learning, and socializing. Maintaining optimal cognitive and physical abilities or motor performance is a leading approach for preventing aging-related decline in neurocognitive or neuromotor skills. Older adults with strong bodies and resilient brains are less likely to develop neurodegenerative disorders such as dementia, Alzheimer’s, and Parkinson’s diseases, and can mitigate the negative impact of these disorders on mental and physical well-being. Furthermore, older adults who possess robust physical health and cognitive resilience are less likely to experience falls or traumatic brain injuries. The aim of this scoping review is to understand and integrate the literature on the mutual benefits of physical fitness and cognitive reserves in building a successful or productive aging process. This scoping review employed a focused, evidence-based methodology that required adherence to a structured approach to ensure the identification and inclusion of the most relevant studies. Empirical evidence indicates that older adults who maintain strong physical health and cognitive resilience experience enhanced physical fitness and mental health. From a neuromotor perspective, this review summarizes the key characteristics of cognitive and physical competence in older adults, discusses the behavioral, psychological, and neural factors of optimal aging, while synthesizing research on brain potential and mental hygiene. Finally, suggestions for future research on healthy aging will be presented."