Research progress on a near-infrared fluorescence probe composed of carbazole skeleton for biological imaging

IF 4.7 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Journal of Molecular Structure Pub Date : 2025-09-30 DOI:10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.144222

Jianqiang Qian , Yaqin Gu , Zihao Wang , Mingshi Pan , Dingding Li , Jinfeng Ding

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Abstract

Fluorescence imaging has become an essential, non-invasive tool in biomedical research, enabling the visualization of diseased tissues beyond the capabilities of the human eye and facilitating the distinction between healthy and pathological tissues. Among various imaging approaches, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging addresses the limitations posed by traditional fluorescence methods, such as strong tissue absorption, scattering, and background autofluorescence. NIR imaging enables deeper tissue penetration and offers higher temporal and spatial resolution in vivo. Therefore, NIR imaging is now widely used across life science research, medical diagnostics, image-guided surgery, and drug development.

Carbazole derivatives have emerged as promising materials for use in fluorescence imaging due to their excellent photophysical properties, chemical stability, and synthetic versatility. Although extensively explored in optoelectronics, particularly in organic light-emitting diodes, their application in the life sciences remains limited, primarily due to short emission wavelengths (around 368 nm) and insufficient biocompatibility. This review summarizes recent advances in the development and use of carbazole-based fluorophores with extended NIR emission for use in biosensing, bioimaging, and theranostics. Rational design strategies for developing NIR-emitting carbazole probes tailored for biological imaging are also discussed.

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咔唑骨架近红外荧光探针生物成像研究进展

荧光成像已成为生物医学研究中必不可少的非侵入性工具，它使人眼无法看到的病变组织的可视化，并有助于区分健康组织和病理组织。在各种成像方法中，近红外（NIR）荧光成像解决了传统荧光方法的局限性，如强组织吸收、散射和背景自身荧光。近红外成像能够实现更深的组织穿透，并提供更高的体内时间和空间分辨率。因此，近红外成像现在广泛应用于生命科学研究、医学诊断、图像引导手术和药物开发。咔唑衍生物由于其优异的光物理性质、化学稳定性和合成多功能性而成为荧光成像中有前途的材料。尽管在光电子学，特别是有机发光二极管方面进行了广泛的探索，但它们在生命科学中的应用仍然有限，主要是由于发射波长短（约368nm）和生物相容性不足。本文综述了近年来在生物传感、生物成像和治疗中应用的具有扩展近红外发射的咔唑基荧光团的开发和使用进展。讨论了开发适合生物成像的nir发射咔唑探针的合理设计策略。

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来源期刊

Journal of Molecular Structure 化学-物理化学

CiteScore

7.10

自引率

15.80%

发文量

2384

审稿时长

45 days

期刊介绍： The Journal of Molecular Structure is dedicated to the publication of full-length articles and review papers, providing important new structural information on all types of chemical species including: • Stable and unstable molecules in all types of environments (vapour, molecular beam, liquid, solution, liquid crystal, solid state, matrix-isolated, surface-absorbed etc.) • Chemical intermediates • Molecules in excited states • Biological molecules • Polymers. The methods used may include any combination of spectroscopic and non-spectroscopic techniques, for example: • Infrared spectroscopy (mid, far, near) • Raman spectroscopy and non-linear Raman methods (CARS, etc.) • Electronic absorption spectroscopy • Optical rotatory dispersion and circular dichroism • Fluorescence and phosphorescence techniques • Electron spectroscopies (PES, XPS), EXAFS, etc. • Microwave spectroscopy • Electron diffraction • NMR and ESR spectroscopies • Mössbauer spectroscopy • X-ray crystallography • Charge Density Analyses • Computational Studies (supplementing experimental methods) We encourage publications combining theoretical and experimental approaches. The structural insights gained by the studies should be correlated with the properties, activity and/ or reactivity of the molecule under investigation and the relevance of this molecule and its implications should be discussed.