Design of a high-stability QPUF and QRNG circuit based on CCNOT gate

Abstract

Quantum computing, with its powerful computational capabilities, is expected to become a secure paradigm for solving complex problems. However, existing cloud-based quantum computing systems are reliant on cloud service providers for scheduling, making it impossible to directly verify the results produced by quantum hardware. This introduces significant security risks, such as scenarios where a third-party provider allocates quantum computers with suboptimal hardware performance or attackers redirect execution on the hardware to steal critical keys. Current solutions face issues with limited authentication dimensions and poor stability of physical fingerprints. This study proposes a highly stable Quantum Physical Unclonable Function (QPUF) and Quantum Random Number Generator (QRNG) based on quantum superposition and entanglement. First, a circuit model is created using the Hadamard and R_Y gate to generate tunable equal-amplitude superposition states, encoding the measurement probabilities. Dynamic Majority Voting (DMV) is then applied to improve the stability of the QPUF response, which can serve as an effective ID for cloud-executed devices. Next, the CCNOT gate is used to entangle multiple qubits, producing a QRNG with high worst-case entropy, which can be utilized as a high-performance random number generator for computations. Finally, experiments conducted on IBM's quantum hardware demonstrate that the stability of the proposed QPUF in the new unified architecture is 100%, representing a 4.16% improvement over similar models. The worst-case entropy of the QRNG is 0.974, fully validating the effectiveness of the proposed architecture in countering attacks that attempt to tamper with cloud-based quantum computing hardware.