{"title":"On the dynamic variability of global positioning system (GPS) derived precipitable water vapour (PWV) over three geographical regions of Nepal","authors":"Nisarga Sharma, Arnav Subedi, Basudev Ghimire, Shreeram Nagarkoti, Balaram Khadka","doi":"10.1007/s40328-025-00471-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>We study the variation of zenith total delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) using global positioning system (GPS) data and observed meteorological information over three different topographical zones of Nepal: Terai, Hilly and Himalayan region. Eight GPS stations scattered across these regions were utilized for data collection. Two alternate years, 2015 and 2017 were taken as the study period and the data obtained were analysed to compare trends. Findings indicate that the average PWV levels are higher in the Terai region in comparison to the Hilly and Himalayan region, explaining the precipitation patterns over Nepal. Additionally, the daily PWV patterns show peak levels during mid-day and a decline during the night. The findings highlight the significant variability of PWV across different regions of Nepal and its implications for evaluating PWV variability across regions.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":48965,"journal":{"name":"Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica","volume":"60 3","pages":"299 - 312"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Acta Geodaetica et Geophysica","FirstCategoryId":"89","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40328-025-00471-4","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
We study the variation of zenith total delay (ZTD) and precipitable water vapour (PWV) using global positioning system (GPS) data and observed meteorological information over three different topographical zones of Nepal: Terai, Hilly and Himalayan region. Eight GPS stations scattered across these regions were utilized for data collection. Two alternate years, 2015 and 2017 were taken as the study period and the data obtained were analysed to compare trends. Findings indicate that the average PWV levels are higher in the Terai region in comparison to the Hilly and Himalayan region, explaining the precipitation patterns over Nepal. Additionally, the daily PWV patterns show peak levels during mid-day and a decline during the night. The findings highlight the significant variability of PWV across different regions of Nepal and its implications for evaluating PWV variability across regions.
期刊介绍：
The journal publishes original research papers in the field of geodesy and geophysics under headings: aeronomy and space physics, electromagnetic studies, geodesy and gravimetry, geodynamics, geomathematics, rock physics, seismology, solid earth physics, history. Papers dealing with problems of the Carpathian region and its surroundings are preferred. Similarly, papers on topics traditionally covered by Hungarian geodesists and geophysicists (e.g. robust estimations, geoid, EM properties of the Earth’s crust, geomagnetic pulsations and seismological risk) are especially welcome.
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