{"title":"Biosynthesized CoFe2O4 Nanoparticles for Enhanced Electrocatalytic Detection of Formaldehyde in Cosmetic Products","authors":"Mutshidzi Mphaphuli, Gloria Ebube Uwaya, Farai Dziike, Krishna Bisetty","doi":"10.1007/s12678-025-00972-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Herein, we present a selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting formaldehyde in cosmetics, based on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄ NPs) modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs were synthesized using a green biosynthetic route and characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The electrochemical performance of the GCE-CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA). Compared with the bare GCE, the modified electrode exhibited a significantly greater oxidation peak current for formaldehyde. The sensor demonstrated a linear dynamic range with a regression coefficient (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup>) of 0.9193 and achieved limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) of 0.056 mM and 0.184 mM, respectively, using DPV. Selectivity tests confirmed minimal interference from common substances such as ethanol and acetone at 10 mM concentrations. The sensor also exhibited excellent repeatability and reproducibility, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 5%. Practical applications of the sensor in detecting formaldehyde in nail polish remover yielded recovery rates ranging from 94 to 113%, demonstrating its reliability for real-world use. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized CoFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> NPs in the development of sustainable and efficient electrochemical sensors for monitoring harmful substances in consumer products.</p><h3>Graphical Abstract</h3>\n<div><figure><div><div><picture><source><img></source></picture></div></div></figure></div></div>","PeriodicalId":535,"journal":{"name":"Electrocatalysis","volume":"16 6","pages":"985 - 996"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s12678-025-00972-4.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Electrocatalysis","FirstCategoryId":"92","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12678-025-00972-4","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL","Score":null,"Total":0}
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Abstract
Herein, we present a selective and sensitive electrochemical sensor for detecting formaldehyde in cosmetics, based on cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (CoFe₂O₄ NPs) modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The CoFe2O4 NPs were synthesized using a green biosynthetic route and characterized using UV–Visible spectroscopy (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The electrochemical performance of the GCE-CoFe2O4 NPs sensor was evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and chronoamperometry (CA). Compared with the bare GCE, the modified electrode exhibited a significantly greater oxidation peak current for formaldehyde. The sensor demonstrated a linear dynamic range with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9193 and achieved limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ) of 0.056 mM and 0.184 mM, respectively, using DPV. Selectivity tests confirmed minimal interference from common substances such as ethanol and acetone at 10 mM concentrations. The sensor also exhibited excellent repeatability and reproducibility, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values of less than 5%. Practical applications of the sensor in detecting formaldehyde in nail polish remover yielded recovery rates ranging from 94 to 113%, demonstrating its reliability for real-world use. This study highlights the potential of green-synthesized CoFe2O4 NPs in the development of sustainable and efficient electrochemical sensors for monitoring harmful substances in consumer products.
期刊介绍：
Electrocatalysis is cross-disciplinary in nature, and attracts the interest of chemists, physicists, biochemists, surface and materials scientists, and engineers. Electrocatalysis provides the unique international forum solely dedicated to the exchange of novel ideas in electrocatalysis for academic, government, and industrial researchers. Quick publication of new results, concepts, and inventions made involving Electrocatalysis stimulates scientific discoveries and breakthroughs, promotes the scientific and engineering concepts that are critical to the development of novel electrochemical technologies.
Electrocatalysis publishes original submissions in the form of letters, research papers, review articles, book reviews, and educational papers. Letters are preliminary reports that communicate new and important findings. Regular research papers are complete reports of new results, and their analysis and discussion. Review articles critically and constructively examine development in areas of electrocatalysis that are of broad interest and importance. Educational papers discuss important concepts whose understanding is vital to advances in theoretical and experimental aspects of electrochemical reactions.
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