Fabrication and evaluation of a 3D decellularized-plant scaffold modified with composite hydrogel for bone tissue engineering

Abstract

Objective

Three-dimensional (3D) decellularized scaffolds, providing Supportive matrices for cell growth and tissue regeneration, have gained attention as promising methods in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It has been established that plants are more dependable sources than animal tissues. Among various plant species, Aloe Vera stands out due to its biocompatibility and wound-healing properties, making it a viable candidate for sourcing 3D scaffolds. This study assessed the mechanical stability, drug release kinetics, and tissue integrity of decellularized Aloe Vera scaffolds coated with CMC.

Methods and materials

Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) facilitated the creation of 3D decellularized scaffolds from the Aloe Vera plant. Post-evaluation of the decellularized tissue, alendronate sodium (Aln), an osteogenic drug, was incorporated into the 3D scaffold via the wet impregnation method. An oligosaccharide derived from Rosa Canina was added to Aln, serving as an agent to promote cell proliferation and differentiation. To improve mechanical stability and ensure a sustained release of alendronate sodium, the decellularized scaffolds were coated with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) hydrogel in 1% and 2% containing the drug.

Results

The decellularization process underwent optimization, resulting in improved physicochemical characteristics of the scaffolds. Incorporating alendronate sodium, oligosaccharide, and hydrogel coating, on the one hand, increased the swelling capacity, mechanical strength, and reduced the degradation time of the scaffold, and on the other hand, provided a controlled drug release mechanism. Also, this group exhibited suitable compatibility with cells and blood, and an increase in the migration and proliferation of MG63 cells was noted within the modified scaffolds.

Conclusion

These findings Suggest that the 3D decellularized scaffold, which incorporates Aln and oligosaccharides with a CMC hydrogel coating, offers a fresh outlook for future research in bone tissue engineering and holds significant potential for clinical use.

Graphical Abstract