Interconnectedness of economic growth and environmental sustainability: challenges and strategies

Abstract

Background

The pursuit of sustainable development has become a global imperative, particularly for industrial and rich countries whose economies are heavily reliant on fossil fuels. Kuwait is a high-income nation reliant on fossil fuels and has one of the highest per capita CO₂ emissions reported globally. Kuwait has faced unique challenges in balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. This study explores the nexus between economic growth, environmental quality, and sustainable development, emphasizing Kuwait’s efforts in decoupling its economic growth from ecological degradation. This paper integrates ecological indicators and social dimensions such as climate mitigation, renewable energy adoption, and progress toward sustainable development goals.

Results

A multivariate analytical framework was employed to assess the interconnections among eleven key indicators spanning economic growth, environmental quality, and sustainable development. Quantitative methods included correlation analysis and regression modeling using data from credible sources, such as the World Bank, OECD, SDG Index, World Development Indicators (WDI), and relevant journal articles and technical reports. In addition, qualitative assessments were conducted to evaluate the interconnectedness of economic growth, environmental quality, and sustainable development are evaluated qualitatively. Sensitivity analysis was used to ensure robustness and reliability of the findings.

This study examined the interplay between economic growth, environmental quality, and sustainable development in Kuwait. Over the past two decades, Kuwait experienced a nearly 380% increase in GDP and an 80% rise in total CO₂ emissions; yet, per capita emissions declined by 41%. This reduction is largely attributed to significant progress in clean energy (SDG 7) and climate action (SDG 13). The results highlight a successful decoupling of economic growth from emissions, suggesting that sustainable development is achievable through targeted policies and investing in green technologies.

Conclusions

The statistical and qualitative analyses demonstrated that Kuwait has effectively decoupled economic growth from CO₂ emissions through consistent actions and strategic efforts. This achievement highlights that environmentally sustainable economic development is attainable through a combination of targeted policy measures, technological innovation, and strong institutional commitment. Notable progress in Sustainable Development Goals, particularly in clean energy (SDG 7) and climate action (SDG 13), has contributed to improved environmental outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of customized national strategies that align economic objectives with the Sustainable Development Goals.