Evaluation of the reproducibility of automatic exposure control systems in general X-ray machines using a coin-based method.

Abstract

Automatic exposure control (AEC) in digital radiography adjusts exposure time based on the chosen milliamperage (mA) and the patient's anatomical characteristics, ensuring the delivery of an appropriate radiation dose for optimal image quality. This study aimed to evaluate the reproducibility of AEC systems in general X-ray machines under various conditions. AEC reproducibility was assessed in two general X-ray machines: the SIEMENS Multix Top and the DRGEM GXR-40S. Both systems offer three sensitivity settings (high, medium, and low). A stack of Thai ten-baht coins, consisting of one and five layers, was used as a test object and placed directly over the AEC sensor. Ten exposures were carried out for repeated measurements. Differences in mAs values and coefficients of variation (CV) were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test. Results showed that mAs values changed in response to tube voltage, sensitivity setting, object thickness, and sensor position; however, these variations remained within acceptable limits. A higher mAs value was observed at lower tube voltages (80-81 kVp), a lower sensitivity setting (D or Slow), and a five-layer coin thickness. No significant differences were observed at higher tube voltage (100 kVp) and higher sensitivity (H or Fast; p > 0.05). In conclusion, AEC reproducibility testing showed mean mAs ranges of 0.51-3.25 with a maximum CV of 2.60% for SIEMENS, and 0.37-1.62 with a maximum CV of 3.37% for DRGEM. Both systems met international standard guidelines, with a CV below 5.00%, as recommended by AAPM Report No. 150, confirming consistent mAs values under various conditions.