{"title":"A taste of one's own medicine: <i>Bacillus velezensis</i> isolated from adult housefly intestines demonstrates effective fly control.","authors":"Ying Li, Shumin Wang, Dawei Yao, Kexin Zhang, Yansong Yin, Xinxin Kong, Jinxiao Li, Lingxia Zeng, Ruiling Zhang, Zhong Zhang","doi":"10.3389/fimmu.2025.1575292","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong><i>Bacillus</i> spp. are widely used as biological agents for managing diseases in crops, livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals. <i>Bacillus velezensis</i>, a novel species within the <i>Bacillus</i> genus, is extensively used in the biological control of animal and plant diseases. However, the association between <i>B. velezensis</i> and insect hosts remains a complex and poorly understood process.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>In this study, we utilized a housefly larvae model to investigate the relationship between <i>B. velezensis</i> and houseflies by examining the changes in intestinal microbiota, transcriptomics, and humoral immunity following symbiotic <i>B. velezensis</i> treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results revealed striking dynamic changes in the bacterial community composition of larvae in the treatment group at the genus level. Notably, <i>Providencia</i> and <i>Morganella</i> content increased, while <i>Enterobacter</i> content decreased, leading to inhibited larval growth. Moreover, the bacterial association with the larva significantly impacted the larval transcriptome, modulating the expression of genes involved in various biological pathways, including host growth and development, macronutrient metabolism, and energy production, which are essential for insect development and survival. Oral feeding of <i>B. velezensis</i> also caused significant morphological changes in the larval gut, resulting in notable larval mortality, cell degeneration, shrinkage, and the formation of various vacuoles. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in immune response in housefly larvae, with a reduction in phenoloxidase activity and melanization ability in treated larvae compared to controls.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>Therefore, <i>B. velezensis</i> can damage the vital functions of housefly larvae and may be utilized as a microecological regulator for the green prevention and control of housefly populations.</p>","PeriodicalId":12622,"journal":{"name":"Frontiers in Immunology","volume":"16 ","pages":"1575292"},"PeriodicalIF":5.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12479530/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Frontiers in Immunology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1575292","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/1/1 0:00:00","PubModel":"eCollection","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Introduction: Bacillus spp. are widely used as biological agents for managing diseases in crops, livestock, poultry, and aquatic animals. Bacillus velezensis, a novel species within the Bacillus genus, is extensively used in the biological control of animal and plant diseases. However, the association between B. velezensis and insect hosts remains a complex and poorly understood process.
Methods: In this study, we utilized a housefly larvae model to investigate the relationship between B. velezensis and houseflies by examining the changes in intestinal microbiota, transcriptomics, and humoral immunity following symbiotic B. velezensis treatment.
Results: The results revealed striking dynamic changes in the bacterial community composition of larvae in the treatment group at the genus level. Notably, Providencia and Morganella content increased, while Enterobacter content decreased, leading to inhibited larval growth. Moreover, the bacterial association with the larva significantly impacted the larval transcriptome, modulating the expression of genes involved in various biological pathways, including host growth and development, macronutrient metabolism, and energy production, which are essential for insect development and survival. Oral feeding of B. velezensis also caused significant morphological changes in the larval gut, resulting in notable larval mortality, cell degeneration, shrinkage, and the formation of various vacuoles. Additionally, we observed a significant decrease in immune response in housefly larvae, with a reduction in phenoloxidase activity and melanization ability in treated larvae compared to controls.
Discussion: Therefore, B. velezensis can damage the vital functions of housefly larvae and may be utilized as a microecological regulator for the green prevention and control of housefly populations.
期刊介绍：
Frontiers in Immunology is a leading journal in its field, publishing rigorously peer-reviewed research across basic, translational and clinical immunology. This multidisciplinary open-access journal is at the forefront of disseminating and communicating scientific knowledge and impactful discoveries to researchers, academics, clinicians and the public worldwide.
Frontiers in Immunology is the official Journal of the International Union of Immunological Societies (IUIS). Encompassing the entire field of Immunology, this journal welcomes papers that investigate basic mechanisms of immune system development and function, with a particular emphasis given to the description of the clinical and immunological phenotype of human immune disorders, and on the definition of their molecular basis.
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