Upper Bound for the Grand Canonical Free Energy of the Bose Gas in the Gross–Pitaevskii Limit for General Interaction Potentials

Abstract

We consider a homogeneous Bose gas in the Gross–Pitaevskii limit at temperatures that are comparable to the critical temperature for Bose–Einstein condensation. Recently, an upper bound for the grand canonical free energy was proved in Boccato et al. (SIAM J Math Anal 56(2):2611–2660, 2024) capturing two novel contributions. First, the free energy of the interacting condensate is given in terms of an effective theory describing the probability distribution of the number of condensed particles. Second, the free energy of the thermally excited particles equals that of a temperature-dependent Bogoliubov Hamiltonian. We extend this result to a more general class of interaction potentials, including interactions with a hard core. Our proof follows a different approach than the one in Boccato et al. (SIAM J Math Anal 56(2):2611–2660, 2024): We model microscopic correlations between the particles by a Jastrow factor and exploit a cancellation in the computation of the energy that emerges due to the different length scales in the system.