Echinops as a Source of Bioactive Compounds-A Systematic Review.

Abstract

Background: Echinops is a genus of spiny, herbaceous perennials in the Asteraceae family, known for its distinct morphology and broad pharmacological potential. Both traditional and modern medicinal systems have identified species in this genus as sources of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antidiabetic, anticancer, and neuroprotective effects. Aims: This study aimed to conduct a systematic literature review and update previous overviews of the recently reported phytochemicals and pharmacological properties of Echinops, systematically summarizing biological activities and their therapeutic applications. Methods: Major electronic medical databases-PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science, and Google Scholar-were systematically searched for publications from 1990 to 2025. Results: A total of 134 studies met our inclusion criteria. Thiophenes and terpenes emerged as characteristic metabolites of the genus, and along with flavonoids and alkaloids, contributed to a wide range of bioactivities. Experimental evidence supports the potential of these compounds as multifunctional agents, although clinical validation remains limited. Conclusions: Echinops is a promising source of structurally diverse metabolites with therapeutic relevance. Further pharmacological and toxicological studies are needed to establish their efficacy and ensure safe medical application.