{"title":"Optimal selling price and replenishment time with a limited-time free trial","authors":"Lin Feng, Konstantina Skouri, Ya-Lan Chan","doi":"10.1007/s10479-025-06564-1","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>Nowadays, online stores have become the choice markets for consumers. However, a main disadvantage of this choice is that consumers hardly have opportunities to inspect the product. So, a free trial period could be used as a marketing tool giving prospective customers the ability to evaluate and inspect the products before making their orders. Hence, the disadvantage of lack of product experience diminishes, contributing to sales increase. In addition, pricing is a well-known powerful and effective marketing tool towards increasing sales. As a result, pricing and free trials are two of the most powerful and effective marketing tools to increase sales and profitability. Nevertheless, in inventory management literature, the studies on the joint impact of free trial and selling price are rarely seen. Within the EOQ framework, we propose a model, in which the seller has the ability to determine whether to offer free trials or not, and then to decide the optimal selling price and replenishment cycle so that the total profit is maximized. Furthermore, we establish several theoretical results and try to answer the following important and relevant questions: (1) the conditions under which the seller should offer a free trial to prospective customers, (2) the impact of a free trial offer on the replenishment cycle and selling price, and (3) the influence of price elasticity on the selling price and order quantity. Finally, through sensitivity analysis we study the effect of several parameters on the optimal solution.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":8215,"journal":{"name":"Annals of Operations Research","volume":"349 3","pages":"1639 - 1661"},"PeriodicalIF":4.5000,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Annals of Operations Research","FirstCategoryId":"91","ListUrlMain":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-025-06564-1","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"管理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"OPERATIONS RESEARCH & MANAGEMENT SCIENCE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Nowadays, online stores have become the choice markets for consumers. However, a main disadvantage of this choice is that consumers hardly have opportunities to inspect the product. So, a free trial period could be used as a marketing tool giving prospective customers the ability to evaluate and inspect the products before making their orders. Hence, the disadvantage of lack of product experience diminishes, contributing to sales increase. In addition, pricing is a well-known powerful and effective marketing tool towards increasing sales. As a result, pricing and free trials are two of the most powerful and effective marketing tools to increase sales and profitability. Nevertheless, in inventory management literature, the studies on the joint impact of free trial and selling price are rarely seen. Within the EOQ framework, we propose a model, in which the seller has the ability to determine whether to offer free trials or not, and then to decide the optimal selling price and replenishment cycle so that the total profit is maximized. Furthermore, we establish several theoretical results and try to answer the following important and relevant questions: (1) the conditions under which the seller should offer a free trial to prospective customers, (2) the impact of a free trial offer on the replenishment cycle and selling price, and (3) the influence of price elasticity on the selling price and order quantity. Finally, through sensitivity analysis we study the effect of several parameters on the optimal solution.
期刊介绍:
The Annals of Operations Research publishes peer-reviewed original articles dealing with key aspects of operations research, including theory, practice, and computation. The journal publishes full-length research articles, short notes, expositions and surveys, reports on computational studies, and case studies that present new and innovative practical applications.
In addition to regular issues, the journal publishes periodic special volumes that focus on defined fields of operations research, ranging from the highly theoretical to the algorithmic and the applied. These volumes have one or more Guest Editors who are responsible for collecting the papers and overseeing the refereeing process.