Finite element simulation of green tire building process and its application in cord defect optimization

IF 2.6 3区材料科学 Q2 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING

International Journal of Material Forming Pub Date : 2025-06-09 DOI:10.1007/s12289-025-01918-3

Jian Wu, Yinlong Wang, Kunhang Zou, Yushan Zhao, Yang Wang, Ziran Li

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Abstract

In this study, a finite element simulation strategy was developed to analyze the green tire building process, with the goal of identifying existing defects and guiding the refinement of process parameters. The mechanical behaviors of uncured rubber in various tire components were investigated through cyclic loading and unloading experiments conducted at two different strain rates. A viscoelastic constitutive model was adopted to describe the nonlinear elasticity and hysteresis effects of uncured rubber under large deformation. Then the finite element models including a two-dimensional (2D) axisymmetric model for lamination step and a three-dimensional (3D) model for the remaining building steps were constructed to simulate the whole process. The green tire cross-section profile obtained from simulation is in good agreement with the actual one obtained through 3D scanning, thereby verifying the reliability of the simulation. Additionally, the deflection angle of cords was simulated and verified through green tire cutting experiments. Finally, factors affecting cord deflection were identified, including an intrinsic factor (radial displacement) and an extrinsic factor (deflection angles of nearby cords). Two improvement measures, reducing the radial displacement of cords and the influence from nearby cords, were proposed to reduce the misalignment of the carcass cords, and the effectiveness of measures was validated by simulation.

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绿色轮胎制造过程的有限元模拟及其在帘线缺陷优化中的应用

在本研究中，开发了一种有限元仿真策略来分析绿色轮胎的制造过程，目的是识别存在的缺陷并指导工艺参数的细化。通过两种不同应变速率下的循环加载和卸载试验，研究了未固化橡胶在不同轮胎部件中的力学行为。采用粘弹性本构模型来描述大变形下未固化橡胶的非线性弹性和滞回效应。在此基础上，分别建立了二维轴对称模型和三维三维模型，模拟了整个过程。仿真得到的绿色轮胎横截面与三维扫描得到的实际横截面吻合较好，验证了仿真的可靠性。另外，通过绿色轮胎切割实验对帘线的偏转角度进行了仿真验证。最后，确定了影响索挠度的因素，包括内在因素（径向位移）和外在因素（附近索挠度）。提出了减小索向径向位移和附近索向影响两种改进措施，以减少尸索的不对中，并通过仿真验证了措施的有效性。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

International Journal of Material Forming ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING-MATERIALS SCIENCE, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

CiteScore

5.10

自引率

4.20%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： The Journal publishes and disseminates original research in the field of material forming. The research should constitute major achievements in the understanding, modeling or simulation of material forming processes. In this respect ‘forming’ implies a deliberate deformation of material. The journal establishes a platform of communication between engineers and scientists, covering all forming processes, including sheet forming, bulk forming, powder forming, forming in near-melt conditions (injection moulding, thixoforming, film blowing etc.), micro-forming, hydro-forming, thermo-forming, incremental forming etc. Other manufacturing technologies like machining and cutting can be included if the focus of the work is on plastic deformations. All materials (metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, glass, wood, fibre reinforced materials, materials in food processing, biomaterials, nano-materials, shape memory alloys etc.) and approaches (micro-macro modelling, thermo-mechanical modelling, numerical simulation including new and advanced numerical strategies, experimental analysis, inverse analysis, model identification, optimization, design and control of forming tools and machines, wear and friction, mechanical behavior and formability of materials etc.) are concerned.