Relationship Between Activity Tracker Metrics and the Physical Activity Index and Their Association With Cardiometabolic Phenotypes, Subclinical Atherosclerosis, and Cardiac Remodeling: Cross-Sectional Study.

Abstract

Background: Consumer wearable technology quantifies physical activity; however, the association between these metrics and cardiometabolic health requires further elucidation.

Objective: This study identified latent factors derived from Fitbit heart rate metrics and their relationship with cross-sectional cardiovascular phenotypes.

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 457 participants from the SingHEART study, a multiethnic, population-based study of Asian individuals aged 21 to 69 years recruited in Singapore. Participants wore the Fitbit Charge HR for 7 days, and data on physical activity metrics, self-reported physical activity index (PAI), blood tests, coronary artery calcium scores, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging were collected. Exploratory factor analysis identified latent factors from Fitbit metrics, and multivariate regression analysis assessed associations with blood and cardiovascular imaging phenotypes.

Results: Higher levels of self-reported PAI were significantly associated with a higher number of calories burned (P=.008), number of steps and floors climbed, distance, number of activity calories, and number of very active minutes (P<.001). However, there was no association between PAI and other Fitbit metrics. Using exploratory factor analysis, we identified three latent factors measured by Fitbit metrics: (1) elevated metabolic equivalents of task (METs; calories burned per day, minutes per day spent fairly active in 3-6 METs and very active in ≥6 METs, and activity calories), (2) total activity (steps per day, distance in kilometers per day, and number of floors per day), and (3) others, all with a Cronbach α of >0.7. Higher total activity was associated with increased high-density lipoprotein levels (β=0.06; P<.001), decreased triglyceride levels (β=-0.10; P=.006), and lower BMI (β=-0.63; P<.001) after adjustment for age, gender, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and family history of heart disease. The interaction between total activity and elevated METs was associated with lower fasting glucose (β=-0.07; P=.004). Elevated METs were associated with higher log(coronary artery calcium+1) and higher BMI (P<.001). Total activity was significantly associated with higher indexed biventricular systolic (P=.01 for left and P=.006 for right) and diastolic volumes (P<.001) and higher indexed left ventricular mass (P=.005).

Conclusions: We identified 3 groups of wearable metrics with distinct characteristics. While total activity had a significant relationship with self-reported PAI, most metrics of elevated METs did not. Total activity had a consistent and favorable association with lipid and glucose profiles and a dose-dependent association with cardiac remodeling. Elevated METs alone did not appear to have a significant association with favorable cardiovascular profiles. This study suggests that the total activity metrics are robust and dependable when interpreting an individual's activity levels, with construct validity according to self-reported PAI and a positive association with lipid and glucose profiles, and demonstrate dose-dependent associations with cardiac remodeling after adjustment for demographics and risk factors. Findings related to elevated METs may be due to the Hawthorne effect and require further studies.