Bridging gaps in clinical trial accessibility and reimbursement for large B-cell lymphoma therapies across Europe

IF 14.6 2区 医学 Q1 HEMATOLOGY
HemaSphere Pub Date : 2025-09-23 DOI:10.1002/hem3.70204
Florence Broussais, Elise Pennings, Natacha Bolanos, Lorna Warwick, Robin Doeswijk, Gauthier Quinonez, Andrii Lebeda, Maria Gomes Da Silva, Sirpa Leppä, Georg Lenz, Anne-Ségolène Cottereau, Christopher Fox, Armando Lopez-Guillermo, Timothy Illidge, Wojciech Jurczak, Hans Eich, Igor Aurer, Marek Trneny, Andy Andreas Rosenwald, Andrew Davies, Ben (Gerben) Zwezerijnen, Jean-Philippe Jais, Martin Dreyling, Umberto Vitolo, Hervé Tilly, Catherine Thieblemont, Marie Jose Kersten
{"title":"Bridging gaps in clinical trial accessibility and reimbursement for large B-cell lymphoma therapies across Europe","authors":"Florence Broussais,&nbsp;Elise Pennings,&nbsp;Natacha Bolanos,&nbsp;Lorna Warwick,&nbsp;Robin Doeswijk,&nbsp;Gauthier Quinonez,&nbsp;Andrii Lebeda,&nbsp;Maria Gomes Da Silva,&nbsp;Sirpa Leppä,&nbsp;Georg Lenz,&nbsp;Anne-Ségolène Cottereau,&nbsp;Christopher Fox,&nbsp;Armando Lopez-Guillermo,&nbsp;Timothy Illidge,&nbsp;Wojciech Jurczak,&nbsp;Hans Eich,&nbsp;Igor Aurer,&nbsp;Marek Trneny,&nbsp;Andy Andreas Rosenwald,&nbsp;Andrew Davies,&nbsp;Ben (Gerben) Zwezerijnen,&nbsp;Jean-Philippe Jais,&nbsp;Martin Dreyling,&nbsp;Umberto Vitolo,&nbsp;Hervé Tilly,&nbsp;Catherine Thieblemont,&nbsp;Marie Jose Kersten","doi":"10.1002/hem3.70204","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), including its most common subtype diffuse LBCL, is the most frequent aggressive lymphoma, accounting for 30%–40% of cases worldwide. It is a clinically heterogeneous disease, with outcomes influenced by molecular subtypes, comorbidities, and access to effective treatment. Although R-CHOP has long been the standard of care, approximately 30%–40% of patients relapse or are refractory to first-line therapy. Historically, salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation offered a potential cure, but only about half of patients are eligible, leaving a large unmet need for alternative therapies.<span><sup>1</sup></span></p><p>Since 2018, the therapeutic landscape has rapidly evolved with the approval of nine new treatments across 12 indications in Europe, including CAR-T therapies, bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, and targeted immunotherapies such as tafasitamab–lenalidomide. These advances have broadened the treatment arsenal beyond chemotherapy, offering potentially curative options for chemotherapy-resistant patients and effective alternatives for those ineligible for intensive approaches. This shift toward more targeted and less toxic therapies represents a significant step forward in addressing prior treatment limitations.</p><p>However, access to these innovations remains uneven across Europe. Disparities stem from fragmented national reimbursement systems, inconsistent use of early access programs (EAPs), and geographic variations in clinical trial availability. While 29 out of 35 European countries have implemented EAPs,<span><sup>2</sup></span> differences in structure, funding, and transparency create unequal opportunities for early treatment access. Furthermore, health technology assessments (HTAs) and pricing negotiations often delay or restrict reimbursement, particularly in lower income or decentralized healthcare systems. The EU HTA Regulation (effective 2025) may harmonize clinical evaluations<span><sup>3-6</sup></span> but will not resolve national pricing autonomy.<span><sup>7, 8</sup></span> To achieve equitable access, stronger coordination, pricing transparency, and integration of real-world patient outcomes into decision-making are urgently needed to ensure that innovation benefits all LBCL patients, regardless of geography or system structure.</p><p>While developing the European LBCL guidelines,<span><sup>9</sup></span> the writing committee identified substantial variability in access to innovative therapies across Europe. To assess how these disparities could impact guideline implementation, the committee conducted an analysis of clinical trial activity and national reimbursement patterns. Data were obtained from EU CTIS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and direct consultations with industry stakeholders on the reimbursement status of EMA-approved therapies. The analysis focused on two areas: (I) the geographic distribution of active LBCL trials and (II) national reimbursement coverage. Findings highlight persistent inequities with significant implications for patient access and guideline applicability.</p><p>As of March 2025, the distribution of interventional LBCL trials actively recruiting across Europe demonstrates marked geographic heterogeneity. While countries such as France, Germany, Spain, and Italy lead in absolute trial numbers (Figure 1A), per capita analysis reveals more nuanced insights (Figure 1B). Spain and Italy exhibit both high trial volume and strong trial density relative to population size, indicating broad and decentralized clinical research activity. Germany, despite hosting a large number of trials overall, shows a lower trial-per-capita ratio, suggesting more limited access at the individual level. Interestingly, several smaller or less affluent countries—such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, and Hungary—rank among the top eight European nations for trial density, outperforming larger countries like Spain on a per capita basis. This suggests that trial access is driven not solely by economic strength but also by national strategies, research infrastructure, and site engagement.</p><p>Conversely, countries such as Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia report no active LBCL trials as of March 2025, pointing to significant gaps in clinical research availability, especially in parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. These findings underscore the importance of not only tracking total trial numbers but also assessing accessibility relative to population and geography.</p><p>Reimbursement patterns for EMA-approved LBCL therapies similarly reveal disparities. Using a standardized denominator of 12 EMA-approved indications (2018–2025), adjusted to 11 due to the absence of reimbursement for odronextamab as of March 2025, national differences in formal coverage become apparent (Figure 2). Germany and Austria lead with the highest number of fully reimbursed indications, reflecting healthcare systems that provide timely, structured access to innovative treatments. In contrast, France and Spain show moderate reimbursement levels, potentially influenced by rigorous HTA processes that require robust clinical benefit evidence before approval. The lag in reimbursement may also reflect prioritization processes or budgetary negotiations at the national level.</p><p>Many middle-income countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe continue to face systemic barriers to reimbursement, including budget constraints, limited regulatory capacity, and fragmented healthcare infrastructures. These limitations restrict timely patient access to new therapies, exacerbating disparities already evident in clinical trial participation. Importantly, this reimbursement analysis excludes early access pathways—such as compassionate use, named patient programs, and transitional funding mechanisms—which, while helpful, vary widely in transparency, structure, and equity. For instance, countries like France and Spain may appear to have lower formal reimbursement levels than their actual early access activity would suggest.</p><p>In conclusion, smaller countries with strong research networks can achieve high trial density, whereas others with advanced health systems still face challenges in ensuring equitable trial or treatment access. These disparities—both in research participation and reimbursement—highlight the urgent need for harmonized strategies that align regulatory, financial, and infrastructural dimensions to achieve more equitable innovation delivery in hematologic malignancies.</p><p>This analysis underscores the persistent disparities in both clinical trial accessibility and national reimbursement for LBCL therapies across Europe, revealing how structural, regulatory, and policy-driven factors impact equitable access to innovation. While some countries, particularly Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, show high clinical trial volumes, per capita analysis provides a more nuanced view. Spain's streamlined regulatory processes and coordinated national research network have facilitated superior per capita trial access, surpassing Germany, where additional radiological approvals and bureaucratic delays hinder trial initiation. Interestingly, smaller or less affluent countries such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, and Hungary demonstrate high trial density relative to population, showing that efficient access is driven not solely by wealth but also by strategic policy and infrastructure.</p><p>However, significant gaps persist. Several Eastern and Baltic countries report no active LBCL trials, limiting research participation and access to innovation. While decentralized or hybrid trial models may address geographic barriers, trials remain selective and cannot replace equitable post-approval access. Moreover, Europe's complex, multilevel regulatory environment—further complicated by the recent implementation of the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR)<span><sup>10</sup></span>—has made early-phase research more challenging. These factors have contributed to a decline in Europe's share of global clinical trials,<span><sup>11</sup></span> particularly in oncology. In response, initiatives such as the EHA-led <i>Coalition for Reducing Bureaucracy in Clinical Trials</i> (https://bureaucracyincts.eu/) are advocating for streamlined, standardized, and faster clinical trial pathways across Europe.</p><p>Reimbursement patterns mirror these disparities. Germany and Austria lead in timely access to EMA-approved LBCL therapies, while countries like France and Spain face delays due to stringent HTA requirements, particularly when Phase III trials show progression free survival but not overall survival benefits.<span><sup>12</sup></span> In Eastern Europe, reimbursement is often constrained by budget limits and policy fragmentation. A striking example is the contrast between Croatia and Poland: despite similar healthcare expenditures, Poland's centralized model has enabled access to 9 of 11 EMA-approved LBCL therapies, including CAR-T, while Croatia reimburses only three. This illustrates that policy design—centralized structures and early access pathways—can overcome financial constraints.</p><p>Real-world evidence (RWE) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) remain underutilized in both HTA and clinical trial design. While countries like Germany use RWE for reassessment, most systems lack standardized methods for integrating such data into access decisions. Aligning trial protocols, site selection, and reimbursement evaluations with real-world needs and capabilities is essential. Ultimately, improving access to innovation for LBCL across Europe will require harmonized regulatory processes, more inclusive clinical trial strategies, and policy frameworks that equitably translate therapeutic advances into patient benefit.</p><p>The EU HTA Regulation, in force since January 2025, introduces JCAs to harmonize evaluations of clinical effectiveness for innovative therapies, initially focusing on oncology. While JCAs aim to streamline access and reduce duplication, they are nonbinding, and many Member States continue to perform independent assessments based on economic and budgetary criteria. The JCA process itself remains complex and uneven, with challenges in aligning evidence generation and integrating RWE and PROs. Despite guidance from EMA and EU HTA bodies, disparities persist—especially in countries with limited trial infrastructure or cost-effectiveness-driven HTA models. These access inequities have serious consequences for patients with LBCL, where delayed reimbursement can mean preventable loss of life. Achieving equitable access will require stronger alignment between regulators, HTA bodies, and stakeholders, along with reforms to ensure affordability and inclusion in clinical research—testing Europe's commitment to patient-centered, sustainable innovation.</p><p>To ensure equitable access to innovative therapies in Europe, particularly for LBCL, coordinated reforms are urgently needed across regulatory, policy, clinical, and patient domains. The EU HTA Regulation's JCAs are a key step toward harmonizing clinical evaluations, but must be rigorously implemented and transparently integrated into national reimbursement decisions. This includes standardized use of RWE and PROs to reflect treatment impact beyond clinical trials.<span><sup>13</sup></span></p><p><i>Regulators and HTA bodies</i> should align reimbursement frameworks with JCA findings, transparently justify any divergences, and integrate RWE and PROs using existing EMA and EU HTA guidance.</p><p><i>Policymakers</i> must incentivize broader clinical trial inclusion by mandating the listing of all recruiting trials in both ClinicalTrials.gov and EUCTIS and requiring representation of underrepresented countries in pivotal trials. Promoting decentralized and hybrid models can further expand patient access.</p><p><i>Patient organizations</i> play a critical role in collecting structured patient experience data, contributing to trial design, and advocating for meaningful endpoints. Education on novel therapies and access pathways, particularly in underserved areas, can empower patients to engage in care decisions.</p><p><i>Industry</i> must commit to equitable trial participation and pricing transparency. This includes supporting access programs in underfunded countries and ensuring synchronized trial listings. Long-term RWE collection should also be prioritized to inform post-marketing safety and reimbursement.</p><p>Achieving these reforms will require political will, collaborative governance, and sustained investment. Projects like <i>ASCERTAIN</i><span><sup>14</sup></span> and EHA-led guideline efforts are helping align stakeholders and standardize evaluation frameworks. Without harmonized HTA processes, synchronized trial registries, and fair pricing, Europe risks a fragmented system where therapeutic innovation does not reach all patients. Implementing these recommendations will help bridge the gap between innovation and access, positioning Europe as a leader in equitable, patient-centered precision medicine.</p><p><b>Florence Broussais</b>: Conceptualization; data curation; writing—original draft; investigation. <b>Elise Pennings</b>: Writing—original draft. <b>Natacha Bolanos</b>: Writing—original draft. <b>Lorna Warwick</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Robin Doeswijk</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Gauthier Quinonez</b>: Data curation; writing—review and editing. <b>Andrii Lebeda</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Maria Gomes Da Silva</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Sirpa Leppä</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Georg Lenz</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Anne-Ségolène Cottereau</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Christopher Fox</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Armando Lopez-Guillermo</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Timothy Illidge</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Wojciech Jurczak</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Hans Eich</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Igor Aurer</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Jean-Philippe Jais:</b> Writing—review and editing. <b>Marek Trneny</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Andy Andreas Rosenwald</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Andrew Davies</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Ben (Gerben) Zwezerijnen</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Martin Dreyling</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Umberto Vitolo</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Hervé Tilly</b>: Writing—review and editing. <b>Catherine Thieblemont</b>: Supervision. <b>Marie Jose Kersten</b>: Supervision.</p><p>F.B., E.P., R.D., G.Q., A.L., A.-S.C., A.A.R., B.Z., and J.-P.J. have no conflict of interest to disclose.</p><p>N.B. and L.W. disclose an indirect financial relationship with Roche, Ipsen, Kite-Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Sobi, Takeda, and BMS, as the Lymphoma Coalition has received sponsorship from these companies to support specific activities such as educational, advocacy initiatives, CABs, Global Patient Surveys, and Global Summits. N.B. is a member of the Patient Global Advisory Board for Ipsen.</p><p>M.G.D.S. discloses financial and/or professional relationships with Janssen Cilag (direct and indirect), Roche (direct), Lilly (direct and indirect), AstraZeneca (indirect), Gilead (direct), BeiGene (indirect), AbbVie (direct and indirect), and Takeda (direct), and professional relationships with Sociedade Portuguesa de Hematologia.</p><p>S.L. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Genmab, Incyte, Roche, and Sobi, and an indirect financial relationship with Bayer, BMS, Genmab, Hutchmed, Novartis, and Roche.</p><p>G.L. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche/Genentech, Gilead, BMS, Novartis, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Incyte, PentixaPharm, Sobi, Immogene/FLINDR, Hexal/Sandoz, Lilly, BeiGene, and MSD, and an indirect financial relationship with Roche/Genentech, Gilead, Bayer, Novartis, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, MSD, and Pierre Fabre.</p><p>A.L.-G. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Atarabio, BMS, GenMab, Gilead/Kite, Incyte, Janssen, Lilly, Morphosys, Ono, Roche, SERB, SOBI, and Takeda, and an indirect financial relationship with BeiGene and AbbVie.</p><p>T.I. discloses a direct financial relationship with Takeda.</p><p>W.J. discloses a direct and indirect financial relationship with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, Regeneron, and Roche.</p><p>H.E. discloses a direct financial relationship (honoraria) with Kyowa Kirin and Takeda and serves as a Steering Committee Member of the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG).</p><p>I.A. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche, Novartis/Sandoz, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Genesis/Incyte, Sobi, and Takeda.</p><p>M.T. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche, Gilead, AstraZeneca, Sobi, Takeda, Incyte, Lilly, BMS, Novartis, AbbVie, Janssen, Swixx, Carbou Sciences, and Autolus.</p><p>A.D. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche (conference attendance, honorarium for talks, and advisory boards), AstraZeneca, Kite/Gilead, Sobi, AbbVie, Genmab, Celgene, MSD, Incyte, and Janssen (advisory boards), and an indirect financial relationship (research funding) with Roche, AstraZeneca, Kite/Gilead, Celgene, and MSD.</p><p>N.B. discloses an indirect financial relationship with Roche, Ipsen, Kite-Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Sobi, Takeda, and BMS, as the Lymphoma Coalition has received sponsorship from these companies to support specific activities such as educational, advocacy initiatives, CABs, Global Patient Surveys, and Global Summits. Additionally, N.B. is a member of the Patient Global Advisory Board for Ipsen.</p><p>M.D. discloses a financial relationship through speaker honoraria with AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Gilead/Kite, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, and Roche, and a role on the scientific advisory board for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BMS/Celgene, Gilead/Kite, Janssen, Lilly/Loxo, Novartis, and Roche.</p><p>U.V. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Genmab, and Gilead (advisory board and lecture honoraria), as well as Incyte and MSD (lecture honoraria).</p><p>H.T. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche and an indirect financial relationship with Roche, AstraZeneca, BMS, and AbbVie.</p><p>C.T. discloses a direct financial relationship (honoraria) with Janssen, Roche, AbbVie, Novartis, BMS, Incyte, and BeiGene.</p><p>M.J.K. discloses an indirect financial relationship with Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite/Gilead, Miltenyi Biotech, Novartis, Roche, Adicet Bio, AbbVie, BeiGene, Galapagos, Mustang Bio, and Janssen.</p><p>The article processing charges for this article has been covered by EHA as part of the EHA Guidelines initiative. This perspective paper received no external funding.</p>","PeriodicalId":12982,"journal":{"name":"HemaSphere","volume":"9 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":14.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12455876/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"HemaSphere","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/hem3.70204","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HEMATOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL), including its most common subtype diffuse LBCL, is the most frequent aggressive lymphoma, accounting for 30%–40% of cases worldwide. It is a clinically heterogeneous disease, with outcomes influenced by molecular subtypes, comorbidities, and access to effective treatment. Although R-CHOP has long been the standard of care, approximately 30%–40% of patients relapse or are refractory to first-line therapy. Historically, salvage chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cell transplantation offered a potential cure, but only about half of patients are eligible, leaving a large unmet need for alternative therapies.1

Since 2018, the therapeutic landscape has rapidly evolved with the approval of nine new treatments across 12 indications in Europe, including CAR-T therapies, bispecific antibodies, antibody–drug conjugates, and targeted immunotherapies such as tafasitamab–lenalidomide. These advances have broadened the treatment arsenal beyond chemotherapy, offering potentially curative options for chemotherapy-resistant patients and effective alternatives for those ineligible for intensive approaches. This shift toward more targeted and less toxic therapies represents a significant step forward in addressing prior treatment limitations.

However, access to these innovations remains uneven across Europe. Disparities stem from fragmented national reimbursement systems, inconsistent use of early access programs (EAPs), and geographic variations in clinical trial availability. While 29 out of 35 European countries have implemented EAPs,2 differences in structure, funding, and transparency create unequal opportunities for early treatment access. Furthermore, health technology assessments (HTAs) and pricing negotiations often delay or restrict reimbursement, particularly in lower income or decentralized healthcare systems. The EU HTA Regulation (effective 2025) may harmonize clinical evaluations3-6 but will not resolve national pricing autonomy.7, 8 To achieve equitable access, stronger coordination, pricing transparency, and integration of real-world patient outcomes into decision-making are urgently needed to ensure that innovation benefits all LBCL patients, regardless of geography or system structure.

While developing the European LBCL guidelines,9 the writing committee identified substantial variability in access to innovative therapies across Europe. To assess how these disparities could impact guideline implementation, the committee conducted an analysis of clinical trial activity and national reimbursement patterns. Data were obtained from EU CTIS, ClinicalTrials.gov, and direct consultations with industry stakeholders on the reimbursement status of EMA-approved therapies. The analysis focused on two areas: (I) the geographic distribution of active LBCL trials and (II) national reimbursement coverage. Findings highlight persistent inequities with significant implications for patient access and guideline applicability.

As of March 2025, the distribution of interventional LBCL trials actively recruiting across Europe demonstrates marked geographic heterogeneity. While countries such as France, Germany, Spain, and Italy lead in absolute trial numbers (Figure 1A), per capita analysis reveals more nuanced insights (Figure 1B). Spain and Italy exhibit both high trial volume and strong trial density relative to population size, indicating broad and decentralized clinical research activity. Germany, despite hosting a large number of trials overall, shows a lower trial-per-capita ratio, suggesting more limited access at the individual level. Interestingly, several smaller or less affluent countries—such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, and Hungary—rank among the top eight European nations for trial density, outperforming larger countries like Spain on a per capita basis. This suggests that trial access is driven not solely by economic strength but also by national strategies, research infrastructure, and site engagement.

Conversely, countries such as Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia report no active LBCL trials as of March 2025, pointing to significant gaps in clinical research availability, especially in parts of Northern and Eastern Europe. These findings underscore the importance of not only tracking total trial numbers but also assessing accessibility relative to population and geography.

Reimbursement patterns for EMA-approved LBCL therapies similarly reveal disparities. Using a standardized denominator of 12 EMA-approved indications (2018–2025), adjusted to 11 due to the absence of reimbursement for odronextamab as of March 2025, national differences in formal coverage become apparent (Figure 2). Germany and Austria lead with the highest number of fully reimbursed indications, reflecting healthcare systems that provide timely, structured access to innovative treatments. In contrast, France and Spain show moderate reimbursement levels, potentially influenced by rigorous HTA processes that require robust clinical benefit evidence before approval. The lag in reimbursement may also reflect prioritization processes or budgetary negotiations at the national level.

Many middle-income countries in Eastern and Southeastern Europe continue to face systemic barriers to reimbursement, including budget constraints, limited regulatory capacity, and fragmented healthcare infrastructures. These limitations restrict timely patient access to new therapies, exacerbating disparities already evident in clinical trial participation. Importantly, this reimbursement analysis excludes early access pathways—such as compassionate use, named patient programs, and transitional funding mechanisms—which, while helpful, vary widely in transparency, structure, and equity. For instance, countries like France and Spain may appear to have lower formal reimbursement levels than their actual early access activity would suggest.

In conclusion, smaller countries with strong research networks can achieve high trial density, whereas others with advanced health systems still face challenges in ensuring equitable trial or treatment access. These disparities—both in research participation and reimbursement—highlight the urgent need for harmonized strategies that align regulatory, financial, and infrastructural dimensions to achieve more equitable innovation delivery in hematologic malignancies.

This analysis underscores the persistent disparities in both clinical trial accessibility and national reimbursement for LBCL therapies across Europe, revealing how structural, regulatory, and policy-driven factors impact equitable access to innovation. While some countries, particularly Germany, France, Spain, and Italy, show high clinical trial volumes, per capita analysis provides a more nuanced view. Spain's streamlined regulatory processes and coordinated national research network have facilitated superior per capita trial access, surpassing Germany, where additional radiological approvals and bureaucratic delays hinder trial initiation. Interestingly, smaller or less affluent countries such as the Czech Republic, Croatia, and Hungary demonstrate high trial density relative to population, showing that efficient access is driven not solely by wealth but also by strategic policy and infrastructure.

However, significant gaps persist. Several Eastern and Baltic countries report no active LBCL trials, limiting research participation and access to innovation. While decentralized or hybrid trial models may address geographic barriers, trials remain selective and cannot replace equitable post-approval access. Moreover, Europe's complex, multilevel regulatory environment—further complicated by the recent implementation of the In Vitro Diagnostic Regulation (IVDR)10—has made early-phase research more challenging. These factors have contributed to a decline in Europe's share of global clinical trials,11 particularly in oncology. In response, initiatives such as the EHA-led Coalition for Reducing Bureaucracy in Clinical Trials (https://bureaucracyincts.eu/) are advocating for streamlined, standardized, and faster clinical trial pathways across Europe.

Reimbursement patterns mirror these disparities. Germany and Austria lead in timely access to EMA-approved LBCL therapies, while countries like France and Spain face delays due to stringent HTA requirements, particularly when Phase III trials show progression free survival but not overall survival benefits.12 In Eastern Europe, reimbursement is often constrained by budget limits and policy fragmentation. A striking example is the contrast between Croatia and Poland: despite similar healthcare expenditures, Poland's centralized model has enabled access to 9 of 11 EMA-approved LBCL therapies, including CAR-T, while Croatia reimburses only three. This illustrates that policy design—centralized structures and early access pathways—can overcome financial constraints.

Real-world evidence (RWE) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) remain underutilized in both HTA and clinical trial design. While countries like Germany use RWE for reassessment, most systems lack standardized methods for integrating such data into access decisions. Aligning trial protocols, site selection, and reimbursement evaluations with real-world needs and capabilities is essential. Ultimately, improving access to innovation for LBCL across Europe will require harmonized regulatory processes, more inclusive clinical trial strategies, and policy frameworks that equitably translate therapeutic advances into patient benefit.

The EU HTA Regulation, in force since January 2025, introduces JCAs to harmonize evaluations of clinical effectiveness for innovative therapies, initially focusing on oncology. While JCAs aim to streamline access and reduce duplication, they are nonbinding, and many Member States continue to perform independent assessments based on economic and budgetary criteria. The JCA process itself remains complex and uneven, with challenges in aligning evidence generation and integrating RWE and PROs. Despite guidance from EMA and EU HTA bodies, disparities persist—especially in countries with limited trial infrastructure or cost-effectiveness-driven HTA models. These access inequities have serious consequences for patients with LBCL, where delayed reimbursement can mean preventable loss of life. Achieving equitable access will require stronger alignment between regulators, HTA bodies, and stakeholders, along with reforms to ensure affordability and inclusion in clinical research—testing Europe's commitment to patient-centered, sustainable innovation.

To ensure equitable access to innovative therapies in Europe, particularly for LBCL, coordinated reforms are urgently needed across regulatory, policy, clinical, and patient domains. The EU HTA Regulation's JCAs are a key step toward harmonizing clinical evaluations, but must be rigorously implemented and transparently integrated into national reimbursement decisions. This includes standardized use of RWE and PROs to reflect treatment impact beyond clinical trials.13

Regulators and HTA bodies should align reimbursement frameworks with JCA findings, transparently justify any divergences, and integrate RWE and PROs using existing EMA and EU HTA guidance.

Policymakers must incentivize broader clinical trial inclusion by mandating the listing of all recruiting trials in both ClinicalTrials.gov and EUCTIS and requiring representation of underrepresented countries in pivotal trials. Promoting decentralized and hybrid models can further expand patient access.

Patient organizations play a critical role in collecting structured patient experience data, contributing to trial design, and advocating for meaningful endpoints. Education on novel therapies and access pathways, particularly in underserved areas, can empower patients to engage in care decisions.

Industry must commit to equitable trial participation and pricing transparency. This includes supporting access programs in underfunded countries and ensuring synchronized trial listings. Long-term RWE collection should also be prioritized to inform post-marketing safety and reimbursement.

Achieving these reforms will require political will, collaborative governance, and sustained investment. Projects like ASCERTAIN14 and EHA-led guideline efforts are helping align stakeholders and standardize evaluation frameworks. Without harmonized HTA processes, synchronized trial registries, and fair pricing, Europe risks a fragmented system where therapeutic innovation does not reach all patients. Implementing these recommendations will help bridge the gap between innovation and access, positioning Europe as a leader in equitable, patient-centered precision medicine.

Florence Broussais: Conceptualization; data curation; writing—original draft; investigation. Elise Pennings: Writing—original draft. Natacha Bolanos: Writing—original draft. Lorna Warwick: Writing—review and editing. Robin Doeswijk: Writing—review and editing. Gauthier Quinonez: Data curation; writing—review and editing. Andrii Lebeda: Writing—review and editing. Maria Gomes Da Silva: Writing—review and editing. Sirpa Leppä: Writing—review and editing. Georg Lenz: Writing—review and editing. Anne-Ségolène Cottereau: Writing—review and editing. Christopher Fox: Writing—review and editing. Armando Lopez-Guillermo: Writing—review and editing. Timothy Illidge: Writing—review and editing. Wojciech Jurczak: Writing—review and editing. Hans Eich: Writing—review and editing. Igor Aurer: Writing—review and editing. Jean-Philippe Jais: Writing—review and editing. Marek Trneny: Writing—review and editing. Andy Andreas Rosenwald: Writing—review and editing. Andrew Davies: Writing—review and editing. Ben (Gerben) Zwezerijnen: Writing—review and editing. Martin Dreyling: Writing—review and editing. Umberto Vitolo: Writing—review and editing. Hervé Tilly: Writing—review and editing. Catherine Thieblemont: Supervision. Marie Jose Kersten: Supervision.

F.B., E.P., R.D., G.Q., A.L., A.-S.C., A.A.R., B.Z., and J.-P.J. have no conflict of interest to disclose.

N.B. and L.W. disclose an indirect financial relationship with Roche, Ipsen, Kite-Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Sobi, Takeda, and BMS, as the Lymphoma Coalition has received sponsorship from these companies to support specific activities such as educational, advocacy initiatives, CABs, Global Patient Surveys, and Global Summits. N.B. is a member of the Patient Global Advisory Board for Ipsen.

M.G.D.S. discloses financial and/or professional relationships with Janssen Cilag (direct and indirect), Roche (direct), Lilly (direct and indirect), AstraZeneca (indirect), Gilead (direct), BeiGene (indirect), AbbVie (direct and indirect), and Takeda (direct), and professional relationships with Sociedade Portuguesa de Hematologia.

S.L. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Genmab, Incyte, Roche, and Sobi, and an indirect financial relationship with Bayer, BMS, Genmab, Hutchmed, Novartis, and Roche.

G.L. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche/Genentech, Gilead, BMS, Novartis, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, Incyte, PentixaPharm, Sobi, Immogene/FLINDR, Hexal/Sandoz, Lilly, BeiGene, and MSD, and an indirect financial relationship with Roche/Genentech, Gilead, Bayer, Novartis, AstraZeneca, AbbVie, MSD, and Pierre Fabre.

A.L.-G. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Atarabio, BMS, GenMab, Gilead/Kite, Incyte, Janssen, Lilly, Morphosys, Ono, Roche, SERB, SOBI, and Takeda, and an indirect financial relationship with BeiGene and AbbVie.

T.I. discloses a direct financial relationship with Takeda.

W.J. discloses a direct and indirect financial relationship with AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Janssen Cilag, Lilly, Regeneron, and Roche.

H.E. discloses a direct financial relationship (honoraria) with Kyowa Kirin and Takeda and serves as a Steering Committee Member of the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG).

I.A. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche, Novartis/Sandoz, AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Genesis/Incyte, Sobi, and Takeda.

M.T. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche, Gilead, AstraZeneca, Sobi, Takeda, Incyte, Lilly, BMS, Novartis, AbbVie, Janssen, Swixx, Carbou Sciences, and Autolus.

A.D. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche (conference attendance, honorarium for talks, and advisory boards), AstraZeneca, Kite/Gilead, Sobi, AbbVie, Genmab, Celgene, MSD, Incyte, and Janssen (advisory boards), and an indirect financial relationship (research funding) with Roche, AstraZeneca, Kite/Gilead, Celgene, and MSD.

N.B. discloses an indirect financial relationship with Roche, Ipsen, Kite-Gilead, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, Sobi, Takeda, and BMS, as the Lymphoma Coalition has received sponsorship from these companies to support specific activities such as educational, advocacy initiatives, CABs, Global Patient Surveys, and Global Summits. Additionally, N.B. is a member of the Patient Global Advisory Board for Ipsen.

M.D. discloses a financial relationship through speaker honoraria with AstraZeneca, BeiGene, Gilead/Kite, Janssen, Lilly, Novartis, and Roche, and a role on the scientific advisory board for AbbVie, AstraZeneca, BeiGene, BMS/Celgene, Gilead/Kite, Janssen, Lilly/Loxo, Novartis, and Roche.

U.V. discloses a direct financial relationship with AbbVie, Genmab, and Gilead (advisory board and lecture honoraria), as well as Incyte and MSD (lecture honoraria).

H.T. discloses a direct financial relationship with Roche and an indirect financial relationship with Roche, AstraZeneca, BMS, and AbbVie.

C.T. discloses a direct financial relationship (honoraria) with Janssen, Roche, AbbVie, Novartis, BMS, Incyte, and BeiGene.

M.J.K. discloses an indirect financial relationship with Bristol Myers Squibb, Kite/Gilead, Miltenyi Biotech, Novartis, Roche, Adicet Bio, AbbVie, BeiGene, Galapagos, Mustang Bio, and Janssen.

The article processing charges for this article has been covered by EHA as part of the EHA Guidelines initiative. This perspective paper received no external funding.

Abstract Image

弥合欧洲大b细胞淋巴瘤治疗在临床试验可及性和报销方面的差距。
大b细胞淋巴瘤(LBCL),包括其最常见的亚型弥漫性LBCL,是最常见的侵袭性淋巴瘤,占全球病例的30%-40%。它是一种临床异质性疾病,其结果受分子亚型、合并症和获得有效治疗的影响。虽然R-CHOP长期以来一直是标准治疗,但约30%-40%的患者复发或对一线治疗难以治愈。从历史上看,补救性化疗后自体干细胞移植提供了一种潜在的治愈方法,但只有大约一半的患者符合条件,留下了大量未满足的替代疗法需求。自2018年以来,治疗领域迅速发展,欧洲批准了12种适应症的9种新疗法,包括CAR-T疗法、双特异性抗体、抗体-药物偶联物和靶向免疫疗法,如他法西他马-来那度胺。这些进步扩大了化疗以外的治疗手段,为化疗耐药患者提供了潜在的治疗选择,为那些不符合强化治疗条件的患者提供了有效的替代方案。这种向更有针对性和毒性更小的治疗方法的转变代表了在解决先前治疗局限性方面向前迈出的重要一步。然而,在整个欧洲,获得这些创新的机会仍然不均衡。差异源于支离破碎的国家报销系统、不一致的早期获取计划(eap)使用以及临床试验可获得性的地域差异。虽然35个欧洲国家中有29个实施了eap,但在结构、资金和透明度方面的差异造成了获得早期治疗的不平等机会。此外,卫生技术评估(hta)和定价谈判往往延迟或限制报销,特别是在低收入或分散的卫生保健系统中。欧盟HTA法规(2025年生效)可能会协调临床评估3-6,但不会解决国家定价自主权。7,8为了实现公平获取,迫切需要加强协调,提高定价透明度,并将实际患者结果纳入决策,以确保创新使所有LBCL患者受益,无论地理位置或系统结构如何。在制定欧洲LBCL指南9时,写作委员会确定了欧洲各地获得创新疗法的巨大差异。为了评估这些差异如何影响指南的实施,委员会对临床试验活动和国家报销模式进行了分析。数据来自EU CTIS、ClinicalTrials.gov,以及与行业利益相关者就ema批准疗法的报销状况进行的直接磋商。分析集中在两个方面:(I)正在进行的LBCL试验的地理分布和(II)国家报销范围。研究结果强调了持续存在的不公平现象,对患者可及性和指南适用性具有重要意义。截至2025年3月,在欧洲积极招募的介入性LBCL试验的分布显示出明显的地理异质性。虽然法国、德国、西班牙和意大利等国家在绝对试验数量上领先(图1A),但人均分析揭示了更细微的见解(图1B)。相对于人口规模,西班牙和意大利的试验量和试验密度都很高,表明临床研究活动广泛而分散。德国尽管总体上进行了大量试验,但人均试验比例较低,表明个人层面的可及性更有限。有趣的是,几个较小或较不富裕的国家,如捷克共和国、克罗地亚和匈牙利,在试验密度方面排名欧洲前8位,在人均基础上的表现超过了西班牙等较大的国家。这表明,试验获取不仅受到经济实力的驱动,还受到国家战略、研究基础设施和站点参与的影响。相反,截至2025年3月,冰岛、拉脱维亚、立陶宛和爱沙尼亚等国报告没有活跃的LBCL试验,这表明临床研究的可用性存在重大差距,特别是在北欧和东欧的部分地区。这些发现强调了不仅要跟踪试验总数,而且要评估相对于人口和地理的可及性的重要性。ema批准的LBCL治疗的报销模式也同样显示出差异。使用ema批准的12个适应症(2018-2025年)的标准化分母,由于截至2025年3月没有odronexamab的报销,调整为11,各国在正式覆盖范围上的差异变得明显(图2)。德国和奥地利的完全报销适应症数量最多,这反映出医疗保健系统提供了及时、有组织的创新治疗。 相比之下,法国和西班牙显示出适度的报销水平,这可能受到严格的HTA程序的影响,在批准之前需要强有力的临床益处证据。偿还方面的滞后也可能反映出国家一级的优先次序进程或预算谈判。东欧和东南欧的许多中等收入国家继续面临报销方面的系统性障碍,包括预算限制、监管能力有限和医疗保健基础设施分散。这些限制限制了患者及时获得新疗法,加剧了临床试验参与中已经明显存在的差异。重要的是,这一报销分析排除了早期获得途径,如同情使用、命名患者计划和过渡性资助机制,这些途径虽然有帮助,但在透明度、结构和公平性方面差异很大。例如,法国和西班牙等国家的正式报销水平可能低于他们实际的早期访问活动所显示的水平。总之,拥有强大研究网络的小国可以实现高试验密度,而拥有先进卫生系统的其他国家在确保公平试验或治疗获得方面仍然面临挑战。这些研究参与和报销方面的差异突出表明,迫切需要协调一致的战略,使监管、财务和基础设施方面保持一致,以实现血液恶性肿瘤领域更公平的创新交付。该分析强调了整个欧洲在LBCL治疗的临床试验可及性和国家报销方面的持续差异,揭示了结构、监管和政策驱动因素如何影响创新的公平获取。虽然一些国家,特别是德国、法国、西班牙和意大利,显示出较高的临床试验量,但人均分析提供了更微妙的观点。西班牙简化的管理程序和协调的国家研究网络促进了人均试验的优势,超过了德国,在德国,额外的放射审批和官僚主义延误阻碍了试验的启动。有趣的是,捷克共和国、克罗地亚和匈牙利等较小或较不富裕的国家的试验密度相对于人口而言较高,这表明有效的获取不仅受财富的驱动,还受战略政策和基础设施的驱动。然而,巨大的差距仍然存在。一些东部和波罗的海国家没有报告积极的LBCL试验,限制了研究参与和获得创新的机会。虽然分散或混合试验模式可以解决地理障碍,但试验仍然是选择性的,不能取代公平的批准后准入。此外,欧洲复杂的、多层次的监管环境——最近实施的体外诊断法规(IVDR)10进一步复杂化了这一环境——使得早期研究更具挑战性。这些因素导致欧洲在全球临床试验中的份额下降,尤其是在肿瘤学方面。作为回应,eha领导的减少临床试验官僚主义联盟(https://bureaucracyincts.eu/)等倡议正在欧洲倡导精简、标准化和更快的临床试验途径。报销模式反映了这些差异。德国和奥地利在及时获得ema批准的LBCL治疗方面处于领先地位,而法国和西班牙等国家由于严格的HTA要求而面临延迟,特别是当III期试验显示无进展生存期而不是总生存期时在东欧,偿还往往受到预算限制和政策分裂的限制。一个显著的例子是克罗地亚和波兰之间的对比:尽管医疗支出相似,但波兰的集中模式使11种ema批准的LBCL疗法中的9种获得了治疗,包括CAR-T,而克罗地亚只报销了3种。这说明政策设计——集中的结构和早期获取途径——可以克服财政限制。现实证据(RWE)和患者报告的结果(PROs)在HTA和临床试验设计中仍未得到充分利用。虽然像德国这样的国家使用RWE进行重新评估,但大多数系统缺乏将此类数据整合到获取决策中的标准化方法。将试验方案、地点选择和报销评估与现实世界的需求和能力相一致是必要的。最终,改善整个欧洲LBCL获得创新的机会将需要统一的监管程序、更具包容性的临床试验战略以及将治疗进展公平地转化为患者利益的政策框架。自2025年1月起生效的欧盟HTA法规引入了JCAs,以协调创新疗法的临床有效性评估,最初侧重于肿瘤学。 虽然共同行政核证的目的是简化使用和减少重复,但它们没有约束力,许多会员国继续根据经济和预算标准进行独立评估。JCA过程本身仍然复杂且不平衡,在协调证据生成和整合RWE和pro方面存在挑战。尽管EMA和EU HTA机构提供了指导,但差距仍然存在,特别是在试验基础设施有限或成本效益驱动的HTA模式的国家。这些可及性不平等对大细胞白血病患者造成严重后果,因为延迟报销可能意味着可预防的生命损失。实现公平获取将需要监管机构、HTA机构和利益相关者之间加强协调,同时进行改革,确保临床研究的可负担性和包容性——欧洲对以患者为中心的可持续创新的承诺。为了确保在欧洲公平获得创新疗法,特别是对于大脊髓型淋巴瘤,迫切需要在监管、政策、临床和患者领域进行协调改革。欧盟HTA条例的jca是朝着协调临床评估迈出的关键一步,但必须严格实施并透明地纳入国家报销决策。这包括标准化使用RWE和PROs来反映临床试验之外的治疗效果。监管机构和HTA机构应将报销框架与JCA的调查结果保持一致,透明地证明任何分歧,并使用现有的EMA和EU HTA指南整合RWE和PROs。决策者必须通过强制在ClinicalTrials.gov和EUCTIS上列出所有招募试验,并要求在关键试验中代表代表性不足的国家,来激励更广泛的临床试验纳入。推广分散和混合模式可以进一步扩大患者的可及性。患者组织在收集结构化患者体验数据、促进试验设计和倡导有意义的终点方面发挥着关键作用。关于新疗法和获取途径的教育,特别是在服务不足的地区,可以使患者能够参与护理决策。业界必须承诺公平参与试验并保证定价透明。这包括支持资金不足国家的可及性规划,并确保同步纳入试验项目。长期RWE回收也应优先考虑上市后的安全性和报销。实现这些改革需要政治意愿、协作治理和持续投资。像确定和eha领导的指导工作这样的项目正在帮助协调利益相关者并使评估框架标准化。如果没有统一的HTA流程、同步的试验注册和公平的定价,欧洲就有可能出现治疗创新无法惠及所有患者的支离破碎的系统。实施这些建议将有助于弥合创新和获取之间的差距,将欧洲定位为公平、以患者为中心的精准医疗的领导者。弗洛伦斯·布鲁赛斯:概念化;数据管理;原创作品草案;调查。伊莉斯·彭宁斯:写作——原稿。娜塔莎·波拉诺斯:写作——原稿。洛娜·沃里克:写作、评论和编辑。Robin Doeswijk:写作-评论和编辑。Gauthier Quinonez:数据管理;写作-审查和编辑。Andrii Lebeda:写作、评论和编辑。Maria Gomes Da Silva:写作、评论和编辑。Sirpa Leppä:写作-审查和编辑。乔治·伦茨:写作、评论和编辑。anne - ssamgol<e:1> cotereau:写作、评论和编辑。克里斯托弗·福克斯:写作、评论和编辑。阿曼多·洛佩斯-吉列尔莫:写作、评论和编辑。蒂莫西·伊利奇:写作、评论和编辑。Wojciech Jurczak:写作、评论和编辑。汉斯·艾奇:写作、评论和编辑。Igor Aurer:写作-评论和编辑。Jean-Philippe Jais:写作、评论和编辑。马立克·特伦尼:写作、评论和编辑。安迪·安德烈亚斯·罗森瓦尔德:写作、评论和编辑。安德鲁·戴维斯:写作、评论和编辑。Ben (Gerben) Zwezerijnen:写作-评论和编辑。马丁·德雷林:写作、评论和编辑。翁贝托·维托洛:写作、评论和编辑。蒂莉:写作、评论和编辑。凯瑟琳:监督。玛丽·何塞·克斯滕:监督,联邦调查局。, e.p., r.d., g.q., a.l., a.a.s.c., a.a.r., b.z.和j.p.j.没有利益冲突需要披露。和L.W.披露了与罗氏、易普生、Kite-Gilead、杨森、礼来、诺华、Sobi、武田和BMS的间接财务关系,因为淋巴瘤联盟获得了这些公司的赞助,以支持特定活动,如教育、倡导倡议、cab、全球患者调查和全球峰会。N.B.是Ipsen.M.G.D.S患者全球咨询委员会的成员。 披露了与Janssen Cilag(直接和间接)、Roche(直接)、Lilly(直接和间接)、AstraZeneca(间接)、Gilead(直接)、BeiGene(间接)、AbbVie(直接和间接)和武田(直接)的财务和/或专业关系,以及与Sociedade portuesa de Hematologia.S.L的专业关系。披露了与AbbVie、Genmab、Incyte、Roche和Sobi的直接财务关系,以及与Bayer、BMS、Genmab、Hutchmed、Novartis和Roche. g.l的间接财务关系。披露了与Roche/Genentech、Gilead、BMS、Novartis、AstraZeneca、AbbVie、Incyte、PentixaPharm、Sobi、Immogene/FLINDR、Hexal/Sandoz、Lilly、BeiGene和MSD的直接财务关系,以及与Roche/Genentech、Gilead、Bayer、Novartis、AstraZeneca、AbbVie、MSD和Pierre fabre的间接财务关系。披露了与AbbVie、Atarabio、BMS、GenMab、Gilead/Kite、Incyte、Janssen、Lilly、Morphosys、Ono、Roche、SERB、SOBI和武田的直接财务关系,以及与BeiGene和AbbVie的间接财务关系。披露了与武田制药的直接财务关系。披露了与艾伯维、阿斯利康、百济神州、杨森、礼来、再生元和罗氏的直接和间接财务关系。披露了与Kyowa麒麟和武田的直接财务关系(酬金),并担任国际淋巴瘤放射肿瘤学组织(ILROG)的指导委员会成员。披露了与罗氏、诺华/山德士、艾伯维、阿斯利康、Genesis/Incyte、Sobi和武田的直接财务关系。披露了与Roche、Gilead、AstraZeneca、Sobi、武田、Incyte、Lilly、BMS、Novartis、AbbVie、Janssen、Swixx、Carbou Sciences和autolus的直接财务关系。披露了与罗氏的直接财务关系(会议出席、演讲酬金和顾问委员会)、阿斯利康、Kite/Gilead、索比、艾伯维、Genmab、Celgene、MSD、Incyte和杨森(顾问委员会),以及与罗氏、阿斯利康、Kite/Gilead、Celgene和MSD. n.b的间接财务关系(研究经费)。披露了与罗氏、易普森、Kite-Gilead、杨森、礼来、诺华、Sobi、武田和BMS的间接财务关系,淋巴瘤联盟获得了这些公司的赞助,以支持特定活动,如教育、倡导倡议、cab、全球患者调查和全球峰会。此外,N.B.是Ipsen.M.D患者全球咨询委员会的成员。通过讲者荣誉披露与阿斯利康、百济神州、吉利德/Kite、杨森、礼来、诺华和罗氏的财务关系,并在艾伯维、阿斯利康、百济神州、BMS/Celgene、吉利德/Kite、杨森、礼来/Loxo、诺华和罗氏的科学顾问委员会担任职务。披露了与艾伯维(AbbVie)、Genmab和吉利德(Gilead)(顾问委员会和讲师)以及Incyte和MSD(讲师)的直接财务关系。披露了与罗氏的直接财务关系,以及与罗氏、阿斯利康、BMS和艾伯维的间接财务关系。披露了与杨森、罗氏、艾伯维、诺华、BMS、Incyte和百健的直接财务关系(酬金)。披露了与Bristol Myers Squibb、Kite/Gilead、Miltenyi Biotech、Novartis、Roche、Adicet Bio、AbbVie、BeiGene、Galapagos、Mustang Bio和Janssen的间接财务关系。作为EHA指南倡议的一部分,本文的文章处理费用已由EHA支付。这篇透视论文没有得到外部资助。
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来源期刊
HemaSphere
HemaSphere Medicine-Hematology
CiteScore
6.10
自引率
4.50%
发文量
2776
审稿时长
7 weeks
期刊介绍: HemaSphere, as a publication, is dedicated to disseminating the outcomes of profoundly pertinent basic, translational, and clinical research endeavors within the field of hematology. The journal actively seeks robust studies that unveil novel discoveries with significant ramifications for hematology. In addition to original research, HemaSphere features review articles and guideline articles that furnish lucid synopses and discussions of emerging developments, along with recommendations for patient care. Positioned as the foremost resource in hematology, HemaSphere augments its offerings with specialized sections like HemaTopics and HemaPolicy. These segments engender insightful dialogues covering a spectrum of hematology-related topics, including digestible summaries of pivotal articles, updates on new therapies, deliberations on European policy matters, and other noteworthy news items within the field. Steering the course of HemaSphere are Editor in Chief Jan Cools and Deputy Editor in Chief Claire Harrison, alongside the guidance of an esteemed Editorial Board comprising international luminaries in both research and clinical realms, each representing diverse areas of hematologic expertise.
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