Reliable, accessible, cost-effective, & easy (RACE) diagnostic modality: A key for elimination of tuberculosis.

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major health concern. However, each year more than one-third of all global TB cases remain undetected and unreported. On top of that, emergence of drug-resistant TB poses a major challenge. Therefore, a Reliable, Accessible, Cost-Effective, and Easy (RACE) diagnostic modality is crucial for starting suitable treatment of TB and curtailing its transmission. In the last two decades, several advances have been made for improved diagnosis, which include liquid culture and drug susceptibility testing (DST), line probe assay (LPA) for drug resistance detection at the molecular level, and cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification tests (CBNAAT) for rapid diagnosis of TB and rifampicin resistance detection. Newer drugs and treatment regimens have been introduced and vaccines are in the pipeline. Despite these advances and opportunities, a precise, affordable, and accessible diagnostic model is yet to be evolved, especially in rural and difficult-to-reach areas, where the most desirable test would be a test that is easy to perform, accessible to masses, is cost-effective, besides being reliable. Only a point-of-care triage test can meet these requirements, which can be used by an unskilled or minimally trained healthcare worker or even by the patient (self-testing). This test should be able to detect all forms of tuberculosis and latent TB infection. Currently, no such test is available. In this narrative review, we will discuss how such a diagnostic modality can help eliminate TB.