Algorithmic sovereignty and democratic resilience: rethinking AI governance in the age of generative AI

Abstract

The rise of generative artificial intelligence (AI) is challenging governance paradigms, raising concerns about public trust, disinformation, and democratic resilience. While these technologies offer unprecedented efficiency and innovation, they also risk amplifying bias, eroding transparency, and centralizing power within proprietary platforms. This paper reframes algorithmic sovereignty as the democratic capacity to regulate and audit AI systems, ensuring they align with ethical, civic, and institutional norms. Using a mixed-methods approach—content analysis, expert interviews, and comparative policy review—we explore how regulatory frameworks in the EU, China, the U.S., and other regions address these challenges. By clarifying the scope of algorithmic governance and integrating counterarguments around disinformation and AI misuse, we develop a multilayered framework for human-centered AI oversight. We also examine geopolitical tensions shaping global digital sovereignty and propose actionable strategies to strengthen trust and civic participation. Figures highlight regional governance effectiveness, trust dynamics, and regulatory orientations. We conclude that algorithmic sovereignty must evolve as an interdisciplinary and participatory governance goal that reinforces democracy rather than undermining it.