The Effect of Mouth Breathing on Facial Anthropometry.

IF 1.5 Q3 SURGERY

Archives of Plastic Surgery-APS Pub Date : 2025-07-08 eCollection Date: 2025-09-01 DOI:10.1055/a-2625-9444

Wijana Hasansulama, Shinta Fitri Boesoirie, Fitri Septiani

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Abstract

Background: Breathing can occur either through the nose or mouth. Mouth breathing is the process of breathing through the mouth alone or mostly through the mouth for more than 6 months. Mouth breathing can affect facial development. This study aims to look at the effect of mouth breathing on facial anthropometry.

Methods: This study used a case-control design conducted during March to September 2024 at Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, on subjects aged 7 to 23 years who were divided into two groups, namely mouth breathing and nasal breathing. Data were obtained from filling out the MBD-MBS (Mouth Breathing in Daytime and Mouth Breathing during Sleep) questionnaire, taking lateral cephalometric photographs, and cephalometric measurements using the WebCeph application. Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS software using the chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results: There were significant differences in angular parameters between the two groups, namely the Sella-Nasion to Gonion-Gnathion (SN.GoGn) angle ( p = 0.029), the Frankfort mandibular angle (FMA; p = 0.023), and the mandibular plane to palatal plane (MP.PP) angle ( p = 0.012); the Articulare-Gonion-Menton (ArGoMe) angle was greater in the oral breathing group ( p = 0.003). The linear parameter values in both groups were not different ( p > 0.05).

Conclusion: Mouth breathing affects facial anthropometry, resulting in an increase in retrognathic mandibular and maxillary angles.

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口腔呼吸对面部人体测量的影响。

背景：呼吸可以通过鼻子或嘴巴进行。口呼吸是指在6个月以上的时间里，仅用嘴或主要用嘴呼吸的过程。口呼吸会影响面部发育。这项研究旨在观察口腔呼吸对面部人体测量的影响。方法：本研究采用病例对照设计，于2024年3月至9月在万隆Dr. Hasan Sadikin医院进行，年龄7 ~ 23岁，分为口腔呼吸和鼻腔呼吸两组。数据通过填写MBD-MBS（白天口腔呼吸和睡眠时口腔呼吸）问卷、拍摄侧位头测照片和使用WebCeph应用程序进行头测测量获得。统计学分析采用SPSS软件，采用卡方检验和Mann-Whitney检验。结果：两组患者的角参数Sella-Nasion - Gonion-Gnathion角（SN.GoGn）（p = 0.029）、Frankfort下颌角（FMA; p = 0.023）、下颌平面-腭平面角（MP.PP）（p = 0.012）差异均有统计学意义；口腔呼吸组的关节角（ArGoMe）更大（p = 0.003）。两组的线性参数值无显著差异（p < 0.05）。结论：口腔呼吸影响面部测量，导致下颌和上颌角增加。

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