Prevalence and use patterns of kava (Piper methysticum) in a US nationally representative sample

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Piper methysticum G. Forst., commonly known as kava, has a long ethnopharmacological history among Pacific Islanders. In recent years, its use in the US has grown as we understand more about its active constituents, kavalactones, which have demonstrated anxiolytic effects in clinical trials. Extracts of this plant have been marketed in many dosage forms including beverages and tea bags.

Aim of the study

Identify the conceptualization and patterns of use for kava products in the US and past-year prevalence via a survey study.

Materials and methods

Non-probabilistic sampling through a third-party marketing company was conducted, inviting persons who previously opted to participate in surveys. Participants reported use patterns including frequency, quantity, length of time used, and co-use with other products across several indications, along with product types, perceived effects, and Kava product purchasing patterns.

Results

The final sample included 2000 respondents, half identified as kava users. Past-year prevalence of kava use was 10.7 %. Over 50 % of kava users indicated co-use with alternative products. Prescription medicines were co-used for the largest number of indications. The largest proportion of users purchased kava in kava bars (33.7 %) and consumed it at home (59.4 %). The most reported perceived effects were happy, relaxed, and friendly. Kava was most commonly (88.1 %) rated as effective for relaxation and stress relief, while drowsiness (15.4 %) and sweating (15.0 %) were the most frequently reported unwanted effects.

Conclusions

Survey results provide additional insights into kava use patterns in the general population and conceptualization of kava in the context of health and well-being.