Targeted Temperature Management Strategies in Pediatric Patients with Return of Spontaneous Circulation after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Abstract

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in children is a rare but catastrophic event, often resulting in significant neurological injury. Targeted temperature management (TTM), including therapeutic hypothermia (TH), has been proposed as a neuroprotective strategy. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to evaluate the effects of different TTM strategies on survival and neurological outcomes in pediatric patients after OHCA. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Embase, and the Cochrane Library. Pooled outcomes were synthesized using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and the certainty of evidence was appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach. A total of nine studies encompassing 2107 pediatric patients were included. TH was associated with significantly higher odds of survival (OR: 1.72; 95% CI: 1.36-2.18; p < 0.0001) and favorable neurological outcome (OR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.16-2.33; p = 0.006) compared to normothermia. Subgroup analysis demonstrated greater survival benefit at 12 months and improved neurological outcomes at 6-12 months. There were no statistically significant differences between groups in blood lactate levels, odds of arrhythmia, culture-proven infections, or length of hospital stay. The certainty of evidence for most outcomes was graded as low due to the predominance of nonrandomized studies and imprecision. TH as a TTM strategy following pediatric OHCA may offer survival and neurological advantage, particularly at longer-term follow-up, without a significant increase in adverse events. However, the low certainty of evidence highlights the need for further high-quality randomized trials to inform clinical practice and optimize neuroprotective care in this vulnerable population.