Future Directions in GPCR Biased Signaling and Ligand Pharmacology.

Abstract

G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) biased signaling has emerged as a transformative paradigm, reshaping both fundamental understanding of receptor biology and pharmacological intervention. Significant advances have been made in deciphering the mechanisms underlying biased signaling and in the development of ligands that selectively engage specific pathways. Here, we outline key future directions in GPCR biased signaling and ligand pharmacology including the biased signaling theories, structural insights, methodological innovations and ligand pharmacology theories. We hope that these perspectives will contribute to pharmacological research, drug R & D, and clinical drug research and promoting safer and more effective GPCR-targeted treatments for human diseases.