Emerging Perspectives on Biomarker Panels in Deep Vein Thrombosis: The Combined Roles of D-Dimer, P-Selectin, and Microparticles.

Abstract

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a severe vascular illness with high morbidity and mortality, especially when it develops as pulmonary embolism. Early and accurate diagnosis, as well as efficient risk stratification, is necessary for a prompt intervention and avoiding complications. Through D-dimer finds extensive application in everyday practice because of its very high sensitivity, its poor specificity emphasizes the requirement for more supportive diagnostic methods. Current developments have pointed to the value of muti-biomarker strategies that combine different pathophysiologic features of thrombosis, such as coagulation, platelet activation, and endothelial dysfunction. The review aims to give a complete picture of major biomarkers involved in DVT and focuses on D-dimer, P-selectin, and circulating microparticles. We review their separate biological functions, their diagnostic and prognostic value, and the limitations faced by their use alone. In addition, we discuss the rationale and forthcoming evidence in favour of combined biomarker panels, which can potentially provide better diagnostic accuracy and facilitate the process of developing personalized medicine strategies in DVT management. Muti-marker approaches incorporation is a promising horizon in bettering clinical outcomes for thrombotic disorder patients.