NoRDEx: A decentralized optimistic non-repudiation protocol for data exchanges

Abstract

This article introduces the Non-Repudiable Data Exchange (NoRDEx) protocol, designed to ensure non-repudiation in data exchanges. Unlike traditional non-repudiation and fair exchange protocols, NoRDEx can be considered decentralized as it eliminates the need for a centralized Trusted Third Party (TTP) by using a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) to store cryptographic proofs without revealing the exchanged message. NoRDEx is an optimistic non-repudiation protocol, as it only uses the DLT in case of a dispute. The protocol has been implemented and tested in real-world environments, with performance assessments covering cost, overhead, and execution time. A formal security analysis using the Syverson Van Oorschot (SVO) logical model demonstrates NoRDEx’s ability to resolve disputes securely.