Improving the Welfare of Ruminants Around Weaning: Transitioning from Milk to a Solid Diet.

Abstract

Weaning is a critical transition for young ruminants, involving nutritional, behavioral, and environmental changes that can compromise welfare. This review evaluates the effects of weaning age (earlier vs later) and milk removal method (abrupt vs gradual) on the welfare of calves, lambs, and goat kids. Later and gradual weaning generally improve stress responses and growth, though evidence remains mixed, especially in small ruminants. Practical strategies to ease weaning include supporting solid feed intake, maintaining social stability, and avoiding concurrent stressors. Veterinarians play a key role in guiding the implementation of weaning practices that improve welfare and productivity.