Combined oropharyngeal nasal (ON) swabs for the molecular detection of respiratory pathogens including M. pneumoniae in symptomatic children.

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic yield and acceptability of parent-/caregiver-collected oropharyngeal nasal (ON) swabs compared with healthcare worker (HCW)-collected nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs for detecting respiratory viruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae in children. Symptomatic children (0-4 years) presenting to the BC Children's Hospital Emergency Department provided HCW-collected NP and caregiver-collected ON swabs. Acceptability was assessed using a 5-point Likert scale. Samples were tested using the SARS-CoV-2/Influenza A + B/RSV GeneXpert assay, and a subset was tested on the BioFire respiratory panel (RP) 2.1 during the initial research phase. In a subsequent implementation phase during a high incidence of M. pneumoniae, paired ON and NP swabs were collected and tested on the RP 2.1 in a quality improvement initiative. All M. pneumoniae-positive samples underwent testing for cycle threshold values. We analyzed 139 pairs from the research phase and 219 from the implementation phase. Detection rates for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A/B, and RSV were similar across swab types. Of 273 pairs tested on BioFire, ON swabs demonstrated significantly higher detection of M. pneumoniae (sensitivity of 94%, confidence interval [CI] [86, 98] ON vs 64% [61-75] NP, P = 0.0020) and comparable detection for other pathogens. Caregivers rated ON swab collection as more acceptable than NP swabs (median 4.5 [4-5] vs 2 [IQR 1-3], P < 0.0001). ON swab performance was similar to NP swabs for the detection of respiratory viruses and showed improved diagnostic yield of M. pneumoniae. Given their higher acceptability ratings, ON swabs should be considered as a less-invasive diagnostic option for children.IMPORTANCEThe current clinical standard for diagnosing respiratory infections in children typically requires a nasopharyngeal (NP) swab, which may be uncomfortable for the patient and must be collected by a healthcare worker. This study presents a less-invasive option, an oropharyngeal nasal (ON) swab collected by a parent or caregiver, that has comparable detection for common respiratory viruses and improved detection for Mycoplasma pneumoniae, a common but treatable cause of childhood pneumonia. Additionally, parents/caregivers rated ON swabs as significantly more acceptable than NP swabs on a scale of 1 to 5. Given the increased acceptability and superior detection of treatable M. pneumoniae, ON swabs are a patient-centered alternative to NP swabs and should be considered as a preferred diagnostic option for children.