Why combating climate change is so challenging.

Abstract

This paper explores the obstacles to implementing climate change policies, emphasizing the interplay of economic, social, and political factors. Important barriers are the non-enforceability of international agreements and politicians motivated by a short-run goal of retaining office. A stable national legal framework is required that integrates clear principles, enforceable regulations, proactive judicial oversight, and inclusive public participation to bridge the gap between ambitious goals and feasible outcomes. Social acceptability of efficient instruments such as carbon taxes is also a constraint. Implementation problems are illustrated using the European automobile sector. The European Union has imposed a ban on the sale of new thermic vehicles after 2034. The ban will lead to job losses, regional economic disparities, and potential social unrest. Electric vehicles are still more costly than thermic vehicles, and they do not address congestion, safety, and parking externalities. Ultimately, a multifaceted, interdisciplinary, and inclusive approach is vital for combating climate change.