Evaluation of novel surfactants for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents.

Abstract

The decontamination of chemical warfare agents or compounds involved in chemical industry incidents poses a significant challenge to environmental protection and human health. These compounds are highly toxic and could be relatively resistant to conventional decontamination methods. In recent years, surfactants have emerged as a promising option, as they can enhance the solubility of organophosphorus compounds in aqueous solutions while promoting their degradation or adsorption onto surfaces. In this study, 35 compounds (surfactants based on quartenary ammonium salts) were tested using the model pesticide fenitrothion, with the compounds from the 43 C series (quaternary ammonium salts with two hydroxyl functional groups) showing the highest decontamination potential. The 43 C series compounds were further tested in vitro for the degradation of nerve agents sarin, soman, and VX, as well as the blistering agent sulfur mustard. The compounds labeled 43C14 and 43C16 (benzoxonia with the 14- and 16-carbon chains) exhibited the best potential. Due to the possible use in protective applications for military personnel, an in vivo acute skin irritation test on 43C14 and 43C16 was also conducted in rats. No skin pathology was observed after a 4-h application and during the subsequent 72-h observation period, suggesting its potential for practical use.