Review of multimorbidity in Saudi Arabia: Prevalence, gender differences, and common chronic diseases.

Abstract

Background: Multimorbidity, defined as the coexistence of two or more chronic diseases in a single individual, is a growing public health challenge globally and particularly in Saudi Arabia.

Aims: This narrative review aims to synthesize existing literature on multimorbidity in Saudi Arabia by examining its prevalence, identifying gender-based differences, and highlighting the most commonly associated chronic diseases.

Methods: A structured search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and institutional databases, including Scopus and Web of Science, for English-language studies on multimorbidity in Saudi Arabia published between 2015 and 2025. Boolean operators were applied, and reference lists were screened to ensure comprehensive coverage while minimizing duplication. A total of 17 studies were included, and data were extracted on study design, population, sample size, multimorbidity prevalence, and gender-specific findings. These were analyzed thematically to identify patterns, disparities in gender, and disease clusters.

Results: Multimorbidity prevalence in Saudi Arabia ranged from 7.1% to 77.6%, with notably higher rates among women, especially in older age groups. Among the five studies that reported disease-specific patterns, diabetes mellitus was the most frequently cited chronic condition, ranking first in three studies. Other frequently reported conditions included hypertension and dyslipidemia, though their ranking varied across studies.

Conclusion: This review highlights the evolving landscape of multimorbidity in Saudi Arabia. Findings call for gender-sensitive, integrated care models that address the clustering of chronic conditions. To address persistent gaps, future research should prioritize mental health integration, early-onset multimorbidity, and ensuring better representation of rural populations. Policymakers should invest in national screening programs, strengthen data systems, and embed equity into care delivery in line with Vision 2030 reforms.