Linking nutritional biochemistry and trophic ecology to health of adult female California sea lions in the Gulf of California.

Abstract

Our planet is experiencing sudden and unpredictable changes that affect most land and marine environments. We investigated blood analytes relevant to nutritional biochemistry and isotopic signatures of adult female California sea lions (CSL) from the Gulf of California, an area that has suffered changes in sea surface temperature in the past decades. During the 2016 and 2020 breeding seasons we collected fur, plasma and serum samples from apparently healthy adult female CSL (2016, n = 43; 2020, n = 12). We determined packed cell volume (PCV) and quantified 11 blood analytes directly or indirectly related to nutrition (albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, total protein, globulin, creatinine, ferritin, iron, zinc and bilirubin). We also determined carbon and nitrogen isotopic signatures in the fur. Most analytes from 2020 were within the ranges reported for free-ranging CSL, while various analytes from 2016 deviated from reported ranges. Cholesterol, albumin, A:G ratio and zinc were higher in 2020, and glucose and total bilirubin were higher in 2016. Cholesterol and glucose varied across ecological regions. Isotopic values varied between sampling years, while trophic level and δ¹⁵N varied across regions. The δ¹³C values were related to blood glucose, while trophic level was related to cholesterol. These results may reflect dietary changes, as supported by isotopic signals. The variations in some of the blood analytes suggest short-term stressors or slight differences in sampling season, while others may reflect metabolic compensation of foraging effort, malnutrition or subclinical shifts in health. We generated reference data of the blood analytes for wild adult female CSL. By integrating clinical and ecological indicators, our approach offers a tool for early detection of subclinical metabolic and dietary shifts relevant to health and population viability. This is valuable for the conservation and adaptive population management of marine predators in rapidly changing ecosystems such as the Gulf of California.