Analysis of the structural diversity of heterocycles amongst European medicines agency approved pharmaceuticals (2014–2023)

Abstract

This review presents a detailed analysis of the heterocycle diversity amongst medicines with new active substances (NAS) approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the 10 years from 2014–2023. A total of 380 medicines were approved that contain a NAS, of which 160 are small molecule products that contained one or more NAS with a heterocycle (164 NAS in total). Of the 164 heterocycle-containing NAS, 76% contained more than one heterocycle. The majority (59%) of the 164 active substances contained at least one fused heterocycle. The most common bicyclic rings were quinoline, benzimidazole, indole, and pyrrolopyrimidine. Tricyclic and polycyclic fused rings were observed but were rare. There were 28 distinct monocyclic heterocycles, consisting of 3, 4, 5, and 6 membered rings. 5-Membered rings were the most diverse as 15 of the 28 heterocycles are 5-membered rings. 6-Membered rings ranked second with 12 heterocycles. There was one 3-membered ring and one 4-membered ring seen. Nitrogen was by far the most common heteroatom in both monocyclic and fused heterocycles. Oxygen, sulfur and boron appeared in monocyclic heterocycles, whilst oxygen, sulfur and phosphorous were noted in fused heterocycles. The most common monocyclic heterocycles were pyridine, piperidine, pyrrolidine, piperazine, pyrimidine, pyrazole, triazole, imidazole and tetrahydropyran. This analysis provides valuable information on the structural diversity of heterocycles that were present in EMA approved medicines between 2014–2023. It highlights heterocycle occurrences, diversity, substitution patterns, and trends. The information detailed will be of interest to organic chemists, researchers, regulatory agencies, and the pharmaceutical industry as it demonstrates how common heterocycles are seen amongst EMA approved medicines for a wide range of therapeutic areas.