Exploring the Role of Oral Microbiota in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bruxism

Abstract

Bruxism is an involuntary condition involving grinding and clenching of the teeth, occurring during both wakefulness and sleep. This behavior can lead to various detrimental effects on oral health, including significant tooth wear and damage, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), tooth sensitivity, gum recession, and persistent headaches along with ear pain or tinnitus. The underlying causes of bruxism have long been debated, with the consensus suggesting that psychological, genetic, and environmental factors contribute to its development. Traditionally, the etiology of bruxism has been linked to stress, anxiety, malocclusion or dental misalignment, and other behavioral factors. However, recent research has begun to explore the potential role of oral microbiota in the pathophysiology of bruxism. Emerging studies propose that disruptions in the balance of oral bacteria may influence the onset and severity of bruxism, possibly by affecting inflammatory processes or neurological pathways related to muscle function. This literature review aims to explore this novel connection, summarizing key study findings, examining the implications for treatment, and evaluating the potential mechanisms by which oral microbiota may impact bruxism. Understanding this relationship could open new avenues for therapeutic strategies targeting microbial factors in managing bruxism.