SoK: Bitcoin Layer Two (L2)

IF 28 1区计算机科学 Q1 COMPUTER SCIENCE, THEORY & METHODS

ACM Computing Surveys Pub Date : 2025-09-01 DOI:10.1145/3763232

Minfeng Qi, Qin Wang, Zhipeng Wang, Manvir Schneider, Tianqing Zhu, Shiping Chen, William Knottenbelt, Thomas Hardjono

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

In this paper, we present the first Systematization of Knowledge (SoK) on constructing Layer Two (L2) solutions for Bitcoin. We carefully examine a representative subset of ongoing Bitcoin L2 solutions (40 out of 335 extensively investigated cases) and provide a concise yet impactful identification of six classic design patterns through two approaches (i.e., modifying transactions & creating proofs). Notably, we are the first to incorporate the inscription technology (emerged in mid-2023), along with a series of related innovations. We further establish a reference framework that serves as a baseline criterion ideally suited for evaluating the security aspects of Bitcoin L2 solutions, and which can also be extended to broader L2 applications. We apply this framework to evaluate each of the projects we investigated. We find that the inscription-based approaches introduce new functionality (i.e., programability) to Bitcoin systems, whereas existing proof-based solutions primarily address scalability challenges. Our security analysis reveals new attack vectors targeting data/state (availability, verification), assets (withdrawal, recovery), and users (disputes, censorship).

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SoK：比特币第二层（L2）

在本文中，我们提出了关于构建比特币第二层（L2）解决方案的第一个知识系统化（SoK）。我们仔细研究了正在进行的比特币L2解决方案的代表性子集（335个广泛调查案例中的40个），并通过两种方法（即修改交易和创建证明）提供了六种经典设计模式的简洁而有效的识别。值得注意的是，我们是第一个将铭文技术（于2023年中期出现）与一系列相关创新结合在一起的公司。我们进一步建立了一个参考框架，作为基线标准，非常适合评估比特币L2解决方案的安全方面，也可以扩展到更广泛的L2应用程序。我们应用这个框架来评估我们调查的每一个项目。我们发现基于铭文的方法为比特币系统引入了新的功能（即可编程性），而现有的基于证明的解决方案主要解决可扩展性挑战。我们的安全分析揭示了针对数据/状态（可用性、验证）、资产（提取、恢复）和用户（争议、审查）的新攻击向量。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

ACM Computing Surveys 工程技术-计算机：理论方法

CiteScore

33.20

自引率

0.60%

发文量

372

审稿时长

12 months

期刊介绍： ACM Computing Surveys is an academic journal that focuses on publishing surveys and tutorials on various areas of computing research and practice. The journal aims to provide comprehensive and easily understandable articles that guide readers through the literature and help them understand topics outside their specialties. In terms of impact, CSUR has a high reputation with a 2022 Impact Factor of 16.6. It is ranked 3rd out of 111 journals in the field of Computer Science Theory & Methods. ACM Computing Surveys is indexed and abstracted in various services, including AI2 Semantic Scholar, Baidu, Clarivate/ISI: JCR, CNKI, DeepDyve, DTU, EBSCO: EDS/HOST, and IET Inspec, among others.