Primary health care policy investments in the Latin America context: Health systems experiences from Brazil, Chile, and Colombia

Abstract

This study examines the policy investments in Primary Health Care (PHC) within the health systems of Brazil, Chile, and Colombia, highlighting their contributions toward achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Employing a qualitative methodology, the research includes an institutional historical review and interviews with key stakeholders to analyze the development of PHC financing policies and practices in these countries. Brazil, with its Unified Health System (SUS), demonstrates federal leadership through initiatives like Requalifica UBS and the new PAC, albeit facing challenges in regional equity and monitoring. Chile emphasizes central governance but struggles with municipal funding capacity and infrastructure renewal. Colombia lacks targeted PHC investment policies but shows promise through emerging frameworks such as the Planes Maestros. The findings underline the critical role of integrated governance, sustainable funding, and advanced technological investment in strengthening PHC systems. Recommendations include enhancing territorial diagnostics, fostering public–private partnerships, and aligning investments with demographic and regional needs. Therefore, this research contributes to understanding PHC financing structures, offering actionable insights for improving equity and access. Limitations include the study’s focus on three countries and qualitative scope, suggesting future research should adopt broader comparative frameworks and mixed methodologies to evaluate the long-term impacts of PHC investments globally.