Assessing the technical and economic potential of rooftop solar panels in Nador, Morocco, using advanced GIS methodology and remote sensing data

Abstract

The utilization of unused rooftops is a promising solution to meet the growing energy needs of urban areas. This study identifies the strategic locations for installing photovoltaic (PV) systems and assesses the energy production in Nador, Morocco, comparing various PV modules based on sunlight, while also integrating an economic analysis. A key innovation of this study lies in the novel application of LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) point clouds combined with photogrammetric restitution, enabling the construction of a 3D model of buildings. A Boolean multicriteria analysis was implemented to determine the effective surface area of each roof, considering parameters, such as slope, orientation, shadow, and accessibility, while excluding unsuitable buildings. A substantial area of 336 ha suitable for solar systems was identified, representing 61% of the total area of existing structures, with an average annual irradiation of 1,413.71 kWh/m². The CIS (copper/indium/selenium) PV module stands out as an attractive option, offering an energy capacity of 168.56 MWp and significant energy production of 311.35 GWh. Their moderate initial cost of 376.95 million USD makes them financially appealing with a feasible return on investment within 10 years. Environmentally, the CIS module contributes notably to reduced CO₂ emissions, thereby mitigating its environmental impact. By implementing the CIS module, solar energy production is expected to significantly exceed the estimated demand of the urban population. The data were integrated into a Geographic Information System to target roofs suitable for solar panels, forming the basis of an accurate solar cadastre. This study actively contributes to shaping a sustainable energy landscape by promoting environment-friendly solutions, thereby playing a role in transitioning to a more sustainable energy future in Nador.