Tuning iron loading and specific surface area in iron-containing clays for the oxidative photodegradation of 4-nitrophenol

IF 4.8 2区化学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

Applied Catalysis A: General Pub Date : 2025-08-21 DOI:10.1016/j.apcata.2025.120522

Keltoum Tiar , Ahcène Soualah , Chiara Bisio , Stefano Marchesi , Valeria Pappalardo , Stefano Econdi , Matteo Guidotti

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Abstract

The photocatalytic degradation of the persistent organic pollutant 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) was evaluated using a series of iron-containing clays, including montmorillonite K10 (M-K10), iron-exchanged M-K10 (Fe-MMT), natural mineral bentonite (raw bentonite), and acid-activated bentonite, prepared under various treatment conditions. The highest conversion of 4-NP under UV light and in the presence of H₂O₂ reached 96 %, 94 % and 90 % for M-K10, Fe-MMT and BAN1 (bentonite treated with HNO₃ for 1 h), respectively, after 90 min of reaction. The rate of 4-NP removal followed pseudo-first order kinetics with constants of 3.519 × 10⁻² min⁻¹, 3.325 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ and 2.803 × 10⁻² min⁻¹ for M-K10, Fe-MMT and BAN1, respectively. The high efficiency of the catalysts tested is attributed to the specific surface area and iron content of the clays. Free radical quenching experiments confirmed the involvement of hydroxyl (^.OH) and superoxide anion (^.O₂^-) radicals in the photocatalytic degradation process, indicating the occurrence of heterogeneous photo-Fenton-like reactions. Furthermore, M-K10 exhibited excellent stability and reusability over five consecutive reaction cycles without significant loss in activity. These findings demonstrate the potential of iron-containing clays as efficient, non-toxic, and low-cost catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of recalcitrant pollutants in sustainable and green wastewater treatment processes.

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调节含铁黏土中铁负载和比表面积对4-硝基苯酚氧化光降解的影响

利用蒙脱土K10 （M-K10）、铁交换型M-K10 （Fe-MMT）、天然矿物膨润土（原料膨润土）和酸活化膨润土等含铁粘土，在不同的处理条件下，对持久性有机污染物4-硝基苯酚（4-NP）的光催化降解进行了研究。在紫外光和H2O2存在下，M-K10、Fe-MMT和BAN1 （HNO3处理1 h的膨润土）反应90 min后，4-NP的最高转化率分别达到96 %、94 %和90 %。4-NP去除率符合准一级动力学，M-K10、Fe-MMT和BAN1的常数分别为3.519 × 10−2 min−1、3.325 × 10−2 min−1和2.803 × 10−2 min−1。所测试的催化剂的高效率归功于粘土的比表面积和铁含量。自由基猝灭实验证实了羟基（. oh）和超氧阴离子（. o2 -）自由基参与了光催化降解过程，表明发生了非均相的类光芬顿反应。此外，M-K10在连续五个反应周期内表现出优异的稳定性和可重复使用性，而活性没有明显损失。这些发现证明了含铁粘土作为高效、无毒、低成本的催化剂在可持续和绿色废水处理过程中光催化降解顽固性污染物的潜力。

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来源期刊

Applied Catalysis A: General 化学-环境科学

CiteScore

9.00

自引率

5.50%

发文量

415

审稿时长

24 days

期刊介绍： Applied Catalysis A: General publishes original papers on all aspects of catalysis of basic and practical interest to chemical scientists in both industrial and academic fields, with an emphasis onnew understanding of catalysts and catalytic reactions, new catalytic materials, new techniques, and new processes, especially those that have potential practical implications. Papers that report results of a thorough study or optimization of systems or processes that are well understood, widely studied, or minor variations of known ones are discouraged. Authors should include statements in a separate section "Justification for Publication" of how the manuscript fits the scope of the journal in the cover letter to the editors. Submissions without such justification will be rejected without review.