Structural diversity, tree species richness and biomass production in new forests on agricultural land

IF 11.4 1区地球科学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Remote Sensing of Environment Pub Date : 2025-08-23 DOI:10.1016/j.rse.2025.114978

Yamina M. Rosas, Inger Kappel Schmidt, Torben Riis-Nielsen, Lars Vesterdal, Per Gundersen, David Bille Byriel, Mathias Just Justesen, Davide Barsotti, Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Changes in forest structure (FS) significantly influence forest conditions and dynamics, ecosystem services, including biomass accumulation and biodiversity. Several LiDAR metrics have been described to analyse FS at a high spatial resolution, including vertical and horizontal attributes. This study aimed to investigate FS development in spruce (Picea abies), oak (Quercus robur) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) through the first 50 years after planting and their relationship to biomass stocks and richness of arrival tree species. LiDAR and ground truth data were extracted from 60 plots. To characterize the FS, LiDAR metrics were calculated using a point cloud of 5.4 pulses/m2 under leaf-off conditions from 2019. Moreover, trees were measured in 2022 following the Danish National Forest Inventory protocols to calculate biomass and estimate tree species richness. FS changes and their relationship were analyzed by employing linear mixed models and principal component analysis (PCA). Results show that spruce stands exhibited rapid growth in height and the highest canopy cover values over time. Contrarily, oak stands developed a multi-layer canopy, increasing light availability and tree size variability with age. At later stages, beech stands reached similar height as spruce and showed the highest standard deviation of height (StDH) with age. The PCA revealed that tree maximum height and StDH were primarily age-dependent, while the internal vertical and horizontal variability tree species dependent. Spruce showed a constant homogeneous FS, oak was characterized by a high internal and external FS heterogeneity, while beech gradually decreased the FS variability over time. Old, tall and structurally homogeneous beech and spruce stands supported the highest biomass accumulation. Conversely, more structurally heterogeneous oak stands tended to harbor greater tree species richness. The study underscores the importance of incorporating both vertical and horizontal dimensions to understand FS changes and the trade-offs between biomass production and biodiversity in monoculture afforestation.

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农用地新林的结构多样性、树种丰富度和生物量

森林结构的变化显著影响森林条件和动态、生态系统服务，包括生物量积累和生物多样性。已经描述了几种激光雷达指标来分析高空间分辨率的FS，包括垂直和水平属性。本研究旨在研究云杉（Picea abies）、橡树（Quercus robur）和山毛榉（Fagus sylvatica）在种植后的前50年FS的发展及其与生物量储量和到达树种丰富度的关系。从60个地块提取激光雷达和地面实况数据。为了表征FS，在2019年的落叶条件下，使用5.4脉冲/m2的点云计算LiDAR指标。此外，根据丹麦国家森林清查协议，于2022年对树木进行了测量，以计算生物量并估计树种丰富度。采用线性混合模型和主成分分析（PCA）分析FS变化及其关系。结果表明：随着时间的推移，云杉林分高度和冠层盖度均呈快速增长趋势；相反，橡树林形成了多层树冠，增加了光照利用率和树木大小随年龄的变化。后期，山毛榉林分高度与云杉相近，高度随林分年龄的标准差最高。主成分分析表明，树木最大高度和平均高度主要与年龄有关，而树木内部垂直和水平变异则与树种有关。云杉表现出恒定的均一性FS，橡木表现出较高的内外FS异质性，而山毛榉则随着时间的推移逐渐降低FS变异性。老、高、结构均匀的山毛榉和云杉林分支持最高的生物量积累。相反，结构异质性越强的栎林往往拥有更大的树种丰富度。该研究强调了结合垂直和水平两个维度来理解FS变化以及单一栽培造林中生物质生产与生物多样性之间的权衡的重要性。

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来源期刊

Remote Sensing of Environment 环境科学-成像科学与照相技术

CiteScore

25.10

自引率

8.90%

发文量

455

审稿时长

53 days

期刊介绍： Remote Sensing of Environment (RSE) serves the Earth observation community by disseminating results on the theory, science, applications, and technology that contribute to advancing the field of remote sensing. With a thoroughly interdisciplinary approach, RSE encompasses terrestrial, oceanic, and atmospheric sensing. The journal emphasizes biophysical and quantitative approaches to remote sensing at local to global scales, covering a diverse range of applications and techniques. RSE serves as a vital platform for the exchange of knowledge and advancements in the dynamic field of remote sensing.