Strategies for the electrochemical determination of drugs in biofluids: The role of sample preparation in sensitivity and selectivity enhancement

IF 3.1 3区医学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, ANALYTICAL

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI:10.1016/j.jpba.2025.117107

Marina Bascón-Humanes, M. Laura Soriano, Rafael Lucena, Soledad Cárdenas

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Abstract

The presence of drugs in different matrices is a growing concern that must be addressed to ensure prompt and accurate responses. They constitute a heterogeneous group of compounds and their low concentrations, as well as the potential presence of metabolites, make analytical determination more complex. In this context, sample preparation is a valuable tool for achieving the sensitivity and selectivity required for drug determination. This review discusses the role of this analytical process in combination with electrochemical detection for determining drugs in biofluids, compiling the scarce early examples that emerged before 2020 and critically evaluating the advances reported until 2025. The modification of electrodes and the introduction of extraction techniques have been critically discussed. Integrating sample preparation with electrochemical detection is identified as one of the most powerful approaches.

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生物体液中药物的电化学测定策略：样品制备在提高灵敏度和选择性中的作用

药物在不同基质中的存在是一个日益受到关注的问题，必须加以解决，以确保迅速和准确的反应。它们构成了一组异质性的化合物，它们的低浓度，以及潜在的代谢物的存在，使分析测定更加复杂。在这种情况下，样品制备是实现药物测定所需的灵敏度和选择性的有价值的工具。本文讨论了该分析过程与电化学检测相结合在确定生物流体中药物方面的作用，汇编了2020年之前出现的稀少的早期例子，并批判性地评估了2025年之前报告的进展。对电极的改进和萃取技术的引入进行了批判性的讨论。将样品制备与电化学检测相结合被认为是最有效的方法之一。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis 医学-分析化学

CiteScore

6.70

自引率

5.90%

发文量

588

审稿时长

37 days

期刊介绍： This journal is an international medium directed towards the needs of academic, clinical, government and industrial analysis by publishing original research reports and critical reviews on pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. It covers the interdisciplinary aspects of analysis in the pharmaceutical, biomedical and clinical sciences, including developments in analytical methodology, instrumentation, computation and interpretation. Submissions on novel applications focusing on drug purity and stability studies, pharmacokinetics, therapeutic monitoring, metabolic profiling; drug-related aspects of analytical biochemistry and forensic toxicology; quality assurance in the pharmaceutical industry are also welcome. Studies from areas of well established and poorly selective methods, such as UV-VIS spectrophotometry (including derivative and multi-wavelength measurements), basic electroanalytical (potentiometric, polarographic and voltammetric) methods, fluorimetry, flow-injection analysis, etc. are accepted for publication in exceptional cases only, if a unique and substantial advantage over presently known systems is demonstrated. The same applies to the assay of simple drug formulations by any kind of methods and the determination of drugs in biological samples based merely on spiked samples. Drug purity/stability studies should contain information on the structure elucidation of the impurities/degradants.