[The relationship between serum sodium concentration and the risk of delirium in sepsis patients].

Abstract

Objective: To explore the relationship between serum sodium level and the risk of delirium in patients with sepsis.

Methods: Based on the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV (MIMIC-IV), adult patients with sepsis in the intensive care unit (ICU) were enrolled. The serum sodium level prior to the onset of sepsis during hospitalization was used as the exposure variable. Delirium was assessed using the ICU-confusion assessment method (ICU-CAM) as the primary outcome. Patients were divided into delirium and non-delirium groups based on the occurrence of delirium. The relationship between serum sodium level and delirium risk was described using restricted cubic spline (RCS) to determine the optimal reference range for serum sodium. Logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the effect of blood sodium levels on delirium in sepsis patients. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential interactions and further validate the robustness of the results. Receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve) analysis was performed to assess the predictive value of serum sodium level for delirium occurrence in patients with sepsis.

Results: A total of 13 889 patients with sepsis were included, of which 4 831 experienced delirium. The maximum and mean serum sodium values were significantly higher in the delirium group compared to the non-delirium group, while there were no statistically significant differences in terms of initial and minimum serum sodium values between the two groups. Compared with the non-delirium group, the delirium group had a higher mortality and longer hospital stay. The RCS curve showed that a "U"-shaped relationship between serum sodium level and delirium risk in patients with sepsis, with the optimal reference range for average serum sodium was 135.3-141.3 mmol/L. Group based on this reference range, compared to the group with 135.3 mmol/L ≤ serum sodium ≤ 141.3 mmol/L, the delirium incidence and mortality were significantly higher, and the hospital stay was longer in the groups with serum sodium < 135.3 mmol/L and serum sodium ≥ 141.3 mmol/L [delirium incidence: 36.92%, 40.88% vs. 31.22%; 28-day mortality: 23.08%, 20.15% vs. 13.39%; 90-day mortality: 30.75%, 24.81% vs. 18.26%; in-hospital mortality: 19.53%, 17.48% vs. 11.61%; ICU mortality: 14.35%, 14.05% vs. 9.00%; hospital length of stay (days): 10.1 (6.1, 17.7), 9.4 (5.4, 17.0) vs. 8.9 (5.5, 15.4), length of ICU stay (days): 3.7 (2.1, 7.1), 4.0 (2.1, 8.9) vs. 3.2 (1.9, 6.8); all P < 0.01]. Logistic regression analysis showed that, in the initial model and each factor-adjusted models, compared to the reference group with 135.3 mmol/L ≤ serum sodium < 141.3 mmol/L, serum sodium < 135.3 mmol/L increased the risk of delirium in septic patients by 21% to 29% [odds ratio (OR) was 1.21-1.29, all P < 0.01], while serum sodium ≥ 141.3 mmol/L increased the delirium risk by 28%-52% (OR was 1.28-1.52, all P < 0.01). Subgroup analyses based on gender, age, race, diuretic use, and sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score revealed there was no significant interactions between subgroup variables and serum sodium, and the results supported that both serum sodium < 135.3 mmol/L and serum sodium ≥ 141.3 mmol/L were risk factors for delirium in septic patients. ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) for predicting delirium in septic patients based on serum sodium was 0.614, with a cut-off value of 139.5 mmol/L yielding a specificity of 67.5% and sensitivity of 50.9%.

Conclusions: The risk of delirium in patients with sepsis is associated with serum sodium level in a "U"-shaped manner. Both high and low serum sodium levels are associated with increased risk of delirium, higher all-cause mortality, and prolonged hospital stays in patients with sepsis. Abnormal serum sodium levels may have predictive value for sepsis-associated delirium and could serve as an early biomarker for identifying delirium in septic patients, although further validation is needed.