Nucleophilic Addition of Thiols to Methacrylates for Biomedical Applications Revisited

Abstract

Composites are popular materials for, among others, restorative dentistry because of their favorable mechanical and esthetic properties and direct-filling applications. The raw materials for such composites usually consist of filler particles embedded in a matrix of dimethacrylate monomers that are polymerized in situ. Because the raw materials cannot polymerize completely, residual monomers leach out over time. The conjugation of methacrylates with sulfur compounds has been recognized as an important reaction as well as a detoxification pathway; thus, leached monomers are expected to undergo chemical reactions with various biomolecules that contain thiol functionalities. To understand the reaction of dental methacrylate monomers with thiols, we studied the reaction of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, urethane dimethacrylate, and bisphenol A diglycidyl methacrylate with the model thiol 2-mercaptoethanol using liquid chromatography coupled to low- and high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–MS and LC–HRMS). The results indicate that thiols react readily with the conjugated double bond, and with methacrylate half-lives of 7–21 h under pseudo-first-order reaction conditions and at neutral pH. Dimethacrylates first formed a monoaddition product, while thiol addition to the second acrylate moiety was observed on a longer time scale. The reaction of HEMA with l-cysteine and l-glutathione was studied in more detail using HRMS and NMR spectroscopy. The reaction rates were substantially higher than for the reaction with mercaptoethanol, and NMR analysis revealed the presence of two isomeric reaction products. Structural characterization also included the identification and assignment of sulfoxides of HEMA-cysteine and HEMA-glutathione. Using the characterized HEMA–thiols as reference standards for LC–HRMS, we demonstrated the presence of HEMA-glutathione, HEMA-cysteine, their sulfoxides, and a putative HEMA-cysteinylglycine in a human osteoblast-like cell line following exposure to HEMA.