Efficacy of mechanochemically prepared ceria–zirconia catalysts in ketonisation of acetic acid†

Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive study on the catalytic and kinetic aspects of the ketonisation of acetic acid, a model volatile fatty acid, using Ce_1−xZr_xO₂ as catalysts. Volatile fatty acids are promising biomass derived feedstock for production of drop-in sustainable aviation fuels through a series of cascade reactions, with ketonisation as the first step followed by aldol condensation and subsequent hydrogenation. A series of Ce_1−xZr_xO₂ catalysts for ketonisation were prepared using a mechanochemical technique of ball milling, and their performance was evaluated for varying Ce/Zr mole ratios. Among the catalysts tested, Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂ exhibited the highest conversion and selectivity towards the desired product, acetone. The catalyst characterisation showed the formation of nano-aggregates with an average particle size of 340.8 nm and a specific surface area of 66.2 m² g⁻¹. The kinetics of the reaction indicated a second-order dependence on acetic acid, while the products (acetone, water, and CO₂) exhibited negative orders, suggesting competitive adsorption on the active sites of the catalyst. The activation energy for the reaction was determined to be 103.4 kJ mol⁻¹ suggesting the surface reaction as the rate controlling step. These findings provide valuable insights into the catalytic behaviour and kinetics of the ketonisation reaction.