Large language models in radiology reporting - A systematic review of performance, limitations, and clinical implications

Abstract

Rationale and objectives

Large language models (LLMs) and vision-language models (VLMs), have emerged as potential tools for automated radiology reporting. However, concerns regarding their fidelity, reliability, and clinical applicability remain. This systematic review examines the current literature on LLM-generated radiology reports. Assessing their fidelity, clinical reliability, and effectiveness. The review aims to identify benefits, limitations, and key factors influencing AI-generated report quality.

Materials and methods

We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify studies published between January 2015 and July 2025. Studies evaluating VLM/LLM-generated radiology reports were included (Transformer-based generative large language models). The study follows PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using the Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies (QUADAS-2) tool.

Results

Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Four assessed VLMs that generate full radiology reports directly from images, whereas eleven examined LLMs that summarize textual findings into radiology impressions. Six studies evaluated out-of-the-box (base) models, and nine analyzed models that had been fine-tuned. Twelve investigations paired automated natural-language metrics with radiologist review, while three relied on automated metrics. Fine-tuned models demonstrated better alignment with expert evaluations and achieved higher performance on natural language processing metrics compared to base models. All LLMs showed hallucinations, misdiagnoses, and inconsistencies.

Conclusion

LLMs show promise in radiology reporting. However, limitations in diagnostic accuracy and hallucinations necessitate human oversight. Future research should focus on improving evaluation frameworks, incorporating diverse datasets, and prospectively validating AI-generated reports in clinical workflows.