Why antimicrobial resistance messaging fails: qualitative insights interpreted through the elaboration likelihood model.

Abstract

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat, yet public awareness remains low. This study examined perceptions of current AMR communications to improve knowledge, extending previous research through qualitative data analysed using the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM).

Methods: We held 3 focus groups (n = 15) with UK patients with recent experience of AMR and 4 (n = 14) with hospital doctors experienced in AMR treatment and communication. Semi-structured questions explored perceptions of public AMR messaging. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results: Most participants found public AMR information difficult to access, overly technical, and unclear. They struggled to find personal and cultural relevance, described the tone as punitive and highlighted contradictory advice (e.g. discouraging antibiotic use while recommending full course completion), undermining argument quality. Some appreciated buzzwords like 'superbugs', but most felt that messages lacked impact and 'punch'. When viewed through the ELM, the problematic tone and lack of personalisation reduced recipients' motivation. The lack of readily available, clear information hindered their ability to engage deeply with messages via 'central route' processing, reducing the likelihood of elaboration and subsequent persuasion. Attitude change from peripheral route information processing was equally questionable given the lack of persuasive message cues.

Conclusions: Current AMR messaging is insufficient and communication theory could highlight areas for improvement. Our ELM analysis suggests a need to enhance motivation, capability, and argument quality while adding persuasive, peripheral cues. Personally and culturally tailored messages with a positive, solution-focused tone and simplified, engaging language may boost impact and promote lasting attitude change.