Seasonal and sex-based variations in energy use in wild plaice: Differences in energetic costs of spawning and feeding behaviours outweigh effects of temperature on field metabolism

IF 2.3 2区 农林科学 Q2 FISHERIES
Joseph Jones , Ewan Hunter , Clive Trueman
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Wild animals frequently show strong variations in allocations of energy to growth, reproduction and locomotion, typically corresponding to seasonal variations in temperature or resource availability. Seasonal variations in energy allocation to growth are commonly expressed in hard tissues as growth bands, but energy allocation to growth may be decoupled from absolute energy use especially in reproductively active individuals. Consequently, determining variations in absolute energy use in wild animals through annual cycles is challenging, particularly for aquatic animals such as fishes. The stable isotopic composition of carbon in the otolith of marine teleost fishes co-varies with the rate of oxidation of respiratory carbon and therefore serves as a proxy for energy use. Stable isotope analyses of otolith aragonite allow reconstruction of seasonal variations in total energy use independent from sclerochronological assessments of growth. Here we describe how total energy use varies seasonally within a sample of 272 free-roaming European plaice from the North Sea. Estimated energy (field metabolic rate) use peaked in early summer months prior to spawning, co-incident with formation of otolith opaque zones and increases in body condition, but decoupled from seasonal variations in experienced temperature. Maximum observed FMR estimates in years characatreised by high metabolc rates, approach laboratory inferred maximum metabolic rates, implying maximum feeding rates are limited by respiratory capacity rather than prey availability. The strong co-incidence between opaque zone formation and high energy use supports suggestions that otolith transparency is directly related to the rate of production of respiratory CO2 (and therefore metabolic rate), and indirectly associated with somatic growth rates. Seasonal patterns of energy use differed between sexes. Males showed reduced energy use through summer months compared to females, but higher apparent energy use outside of the summer feeding season. Female-biased sexual size dimorphism in plaice may emerge via both greater energy allocation to reproduction and reduced energy acquisition in summer in males. Observed seasonal, sex-based and among-individual variations in energy use far exceed predicted thermal effects on enzyme reaction rates, implying that individual variations in realized field metabolic rates are constrained more by physiological and behavioural factors than by external ambient temperature. Our observations provide context for considering the implications of temperature on energy partitioning and physiological performance in wild fish populations across seasons and demonstrate how isotopic proxies for energy use compliment energy budget models and sclerochronological growth analysis.
野生鲽能量使用的季节性和性别差异:产卵和摄食行为的能量成本差异超过了温度对野外代谢的影响
野生动物在为生长、繁殖和运动分配能量方面经常表现出强烈的变化,通常与温度或资源可用性的季节性变化相对应。生长能量分配的季节性变化通常在硬组织中表现为生长带,但生长能量分配可能与绝对能量使用脱钩,特别是在生殖活跃的个体中。因此,通过年周期确定野生动物的绝对能源使用变化是具有挑战性的,特别是对鱼类等水生动物。海洋硬骨鱼耳石中碳的稳定同位素组成与呼吸碳的氧化速率共同变化,因此可以作为能量使用的代表。耳石文石的稳定同位素分析可以重建总能源利用的季节变化,而不依赖于生长的年代评估。在这里,我们描述了来自北海的272只自由漫游的欧洲鲽的总能源使用是如何随季节变化的。估计的能量(野外代谢率)使用在产卵前的初夏月份达到峰值,与耳石不透明区域的形成和身体状况的增加同时发生,但与经验温度的季节性变化无关。在以高代谢率为特征的年份中,最大观察到的FMR估计接近实验室推断的最大代谢率,这意味着最大摄食率受呼吸能力而不是猎物可用性的限制。不透明带的形成与高能量消耗之间的密切相关支持了耳石透明度与呼吸CO2的产生速率(从而与代谢速率)直接相关,并与体细胞生长速率间接相关的观点。能量使用的季节模式在两性之间是不同的。与雌性相比,雄性在整个夏季的能量消耗较少,但在夏季进食季节之外的表观能量消耗较高。雌鱼的性别大小二态性可能通过更多的能量分配给繁殖和雄性在夏季减少能量获取而出现。观察到的季节性、基于性别和个体之间的能量使用变化远远超过对酶反应速率的预测热效应,这意味着实际野外代谢率的个体变化更多地受到生理和行为因素的限制,而不是外部环境温度。我们的观察结果为考虑温度对不同季节野生鱼类种群能量分配和生理性能的影响提供了背景,并证明了能量使用的同位素代用物如何补充能量收支模型和硬年代学生长分析。
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来源期刊
Fisheries Research
Fisheries Research 农林科学-渔业
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
16.70%
发文量
294
审稿时长
15 weeks
期刊介绍: This journal provides an international forum for the publication of papers in the areas of fisheries science, fishing technology, fisheries management and relevant socio-economics. The scope covers fisheries in salt, brackish and freshwater systems, and all aspects of associated ecology, environmental aspects of fisheries, and economics. Both theoretical and practical papers are acceptable, including laboratory and field experimental studies relevant to fisheries. Papers on the conservation of exploitable living resources are welcome. Review and Viewpoint articles are also published. As the specified areas inevitably impinge on and interrelate with each other, the approach of the journal is multidisciplinary, and authors are encouraged to emphasise the relevance of their own work to that of other disciplines. The journal is intended for fisheries scientists, biological oceanographers, gear technologists, economists, managers, administrators, policy makers and legislators.
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