A Collaborative Special Issue: Highlights from the Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting

IF 3.7 3区 医学 Q2 IMMUNOLOGY
Melissa M. J. van Gool, Hind Hussein, Anissa Zouzaf, Farahnaz Rayatdoost
{"title":"A Collaborative Special Issue: Highlights from the Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting","authors":"Melissa M. J. van Gool,&nbsp;Hind Hussein,&nbsp;Anissa Zouzaf,&nbsp;Farahnaz Rayatdoost","doi":"10.1002/eji.70030","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p>On November 21–22, 2023, the third Joint Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting took place at the Flanders Meeting &amp; Convention Center in Antwerp, Belgium. This event brought together over 700 researchers and clinicians from across the Netherlands and Belgium to exchange the latest insights in fundamental and translational immunology. Co-organized by the Belgian Immunological Society (BIS) and the Dutch Society for Immunology (NVVI), the meeting featured keynote lectures from international leaders in the field, including Prof. Manfred Kopf, Prof. Donna Farber, Dr. Julie Déchanet-Merville, and Prof. Georg Schett. The scientific program also included thematic parallel sessions with selected abstract presentations, poster sessions, and a dedicated Young Investigators session to highlight the work of early-career scientists. Building on the legacy of previous joint BIS–NVVI meetings held in 1988 and 2002, the 2023 edition marked a renewed commitment to cross-border collaboration and the exchange of scientific ideas between the Belgian and Dutch immunology communities.</p><p>The Belgian–Dutch Immunology Highlights special issue, inspired by the 2023 Joint Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting, features 20 selected original research and review articles, reflecting the scientific diversity and depth of topics presented at the meeting from fundamental insights into infection and inflammation to advances in immune regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies. Among these, we especially highlight seven articles from first-time authors: five by first-time first authors and two by first-time corresponding authors. For many of them, this marks an important milestone in their scientific careers.</p><p>Innate immune responses are not only regulated by external cues but are also modulated by sophisticated internal systems, which ensure an adequate balance between activation and suppression to preserve systemic homeostasis as well as tissue integrity.</p><p>Koops &amp; Meyaard [<span>1</span>] review a lesser-known yet crucial inhibitory checkpoint in myeloid cells: the inhibitory receptor VSTM1/SIRL-1. As a pattern recognition receptor with an inhibitory function, VSTM1 suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to both host and microbial ligands, including LL37, S100, and bacterial phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). Its function highlights the importance of active immune dampening mechanisms, especially in contexts where the presence of pathogens does not necessitate the involvement of immune cells, such as in the skin and gut.</p><p>Parallel to this, Biscu et al. [<span>2</span>] illustrate how environmental cues, including dietary inputs such as vitamins and iron, microbial metabolites, and local tissue factors, shape macrophage function via metabolic rewiring. This plasticity supports both inflammatory and reparative programs and is central to the concept of macrophage niches. By targeting specific macrophage functions and metabolic processes, macrophages present a versatile target in inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Complementary findings from Ongwe et al. [<span>2</span>] on monocytes extend this idea across populations, showing that Sub-Saharan African individuals exhibit a distinct immunometabolic profile compared to Europeans. Enhanced pentose phosphate pathway activity in Sub-Saharan monocytes fuels higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, marking a metabolically-driven and population-specific anti-inflammatory phenotype.</p><p>Naesens et al. [<span>4</span>] review how monogenic defects in nucleic acid sensing and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling influence susceptibility to viral infections. Focusing on innate immune pathways, the authors highlight how both loss- and gain-of-function mutations affect antiviral defense, particularly in the context of herpesviruses, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. These insights underscore the importance of precision immunology in identifying vulnerable populations and tailoring antiviral therapies accordingly.</p><p>Van Eyndhoven's [<span>5</span>] work focuses on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), key producers of type I interferons (IFN-Is). They demonstrate that cellular decisions to initiate IFN-I production are not solely stimulus-driven but are also influenced by local cell density. pDCs act as “first responders” after pathogen recognition and initiate IFN-I production, which is amplified by autocrine signaling and by paracrine signaling to “second responders”. Importantly, low-density cultures yield a higher proportion of IFN-I producers, confirming quorum sensing as a decision-making strategy. This all-or-nothing behavior ensures that IFN-I levels are tuned to need, preventing excessive inflammation; a principle with implications for autoimmune diseases, where IFN-I pathways are frequently dysregulated.</p><p>In the context of acute inflammation, De Visscher et al. [<span>6</span>] studied liver-resident type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) in a murine model of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Although ILC1s are activated early and produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, they rapidly undergo apoptosis, likely due to inflammation-induced mitochondrial stress, while classical NK cells (cNKs) remain largely unaffected. Using Hobit knockout mice, which lack ILC1s but retain cNKs, the study shows that the absence of ILC1s does not impact MAS progression. These findings suggest that ILC1s, despite their early activation, are dispensable for disease development, highlighting functional redundancy within the innate immune system during systemic inflammation.</p><p>Together, these studies illustrate how innate immune regulation spans inborn errors, molecular checkpoints, metabolic flexibility, population-wide communication, and functional redundancy, providing a multidimensional understanding of how the innate immune system maintains balance amid challenge.</p><p>The capacity of the immune system to distinguish between pathogenic and self-derived signals is fundamental to preserving immune homeostasis. Disruption of this equilibrium by infectious agents or sterile, damage-associated stimuli triggers immune activation, which leads to host defense as well as tissue damage.</p><p>Van Smoorenburg et al. [<span>5</span>] investigate how vaginal dysbiosis influences susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The authors demonstrate that <i>Prevotella timonensis</i>, a bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis, enhances viral uptake and transmission by mucosal dendritic cells in a subset-specific manner. Their findings highlight how host–microbe interactions at epithelial surfaces modulate viral pathogenesis, underscoring the immune consequences of microbial imbalance.</p><p>A comprehensive review by Snik et al. [<span>8</span>] explores the immunopathology of Lyme borreliosis, detailing the dynamic immune responses induced by <i>Borrelia</i> infection. They describe how distinct clinical stages, ranging from erythema migrans to neuroborreliosis and Lyme arthritis, are associated with shifts in Th1/Th2 balance, antibody responses, and autoimmune features. These insights connect infection-induced inflammation to long-term immune dysregulation and loss of tolerance.</p><p>In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease marked by chronic inflammation and complement activation, van der Meulen et al. [<span>9</span>] reveal that circulating levels of endogenous complement inhibitors correlate inversely with complement consumption, suggesting a disrupted regulatory axis. Although these inhibitors do not distinguish neuropsychiatric SLE, their levels reflect disease activity, adding nuance to the role of the complement system in SLE pathophysiology.</p><p>Rubio et al. [<span>10</span>] turn their attention to the central nervous system, examining the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/CD74 axis in traumatic spinal cord injury. Drawing on both animal and human studies, they show that MIF and its receptor CD74 regulate inflammatory and reparative responses via microglia and astrocytes. Their findings position MIF/CD74 as a key mediator in balancing tissue damage and recovery following sterile injury.</p><p>In the context of atherosclerosis, Medina et al. [<span>11</span>] investigate the functional role of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-expressing myeloid cells using a targeted depletion model. They find that local ablation of these cells reduces plaque burden, while systemic depletion triggers compensatory myelopoiesis and fails to impact lesion size. This study highlights the context-dependent contributions of monocytes and macrophages to vascular inflammation and remodeling.</p><p>Dyczko et al. [<span>12</span>] demonstrate that teriflunomide disrupts mitochondrial respiration in human FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells by targeting complex III, leading to reduced ATP production, loss of suppressive function, and induction of a Th1-like phenotype. These findings reveal how metabolic interference can skew immune regulation and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity.</p><p>Together, these articles illustrate how immune responses, whether triggered by pathogens or tissue damage, can tip the balance between protection and pathology. The convergence of microbial cues, host-derived signals, and regulatory imbalances can drive disease across a wide range of contexts. Disentangling these intertwined pathways is essential for developing interventions that precisely modulate immunity without impairing its protective capacity.</p><p>T cells are central players in adaptive immunity, and a tight control over their mediator production is required to maintain homeostasis.</p><p>Posttranscriptional regulation, mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), allows the swift downregulation of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to autoimmune disease development when left uncontrolled. ZFP36L2 belongs to a family of RBPs that regulates T cell development, differentiation, and effector function. Using a T cell-deficient mouse model for ZFP36L2, Zandhuis et al. [<span>13</span>] show that, while dispensable early in activation, ZFP36L2 limits sustained IFN-γ production during chronic stimulation, providing further understanding of posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating T cell functions.</p><p>Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset capable of long-term tissue retention and rapid response upon antigen re-exposure. These cells have the capacity to expand in vivo after antigenic stimulation. Beumer-Chuwonpad et al. [<span>14</span>] evaluate the possibility of expanding these cells in vitro, which would allow their use in an immunotherapy setting. They reveal that intraepithelial TRM from the small intestine expand after antigen stimulation and maintain residency gene and effector molecule expression, as well as metabolic features, when cultured in oxygen-limited conditions. This work suggests a viable approach for harnessing TRM cells in adoptive immunotherapy, particularly in mucosal tissues.</p><p>Van den Bos et al. [<span>15</span>] explore engineering regulatory T cells to express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The authors showed that despite expressing BDNF at the intracellular levels, regulatory T cell (Treg) activation was required to secrete BDNF after editing. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms governing protein expression and secretion in engineered Tregs, offering insights for optimizing cell-based therapies and advancing immune regulation strategies.</p><p>Studying human T cells presents unique challenges compared to animal models. Access to human immune cells, especially rare or recently identified subsets, is often limited, making direct investigation difficult. Biliet et al. [<span>16</span>] present a novel in vitro cultivation system based on ThymoSpheres that generates CD8α T cells resembling the recently identified human αβ unconventional T cells, thereby offering an easy tool to study this emerging lineage. Accurately modeling complex cell–cell interactions, such as those involved in germinal center responses, remains a major hurdle when working with human systems.</p><p>Translating fundamental insights into therapeutic strategies requires tools that not only capture biological nuance but also support clinical applicability. Fleischmann et al. [<span>17</span>] review current efforts to model the human germinal center response and provide an overview of existing 2D and 3D in vitro and ex vivo human models of the germinal center reaction. While useful for the study of T–B cell interactions, the authors highlight that these models are currently unable to fully replicate the human GC process and that more physiologically relevant systems to study T–B cell interactions should be developed.</p><p>Together, these studies provide new insights into the regulation, modeling, and manipulation of T cells and expand the experimental and conceptual tools available for studying T cells in both basic and translational contexts.</p><p>Despite the major advances of immunotherapy, immune evasion remains a defining hallmark of solid tumors. Cancer cells actively reshape the immune microenvironment, using mechanisms ranging from checkpoint modulation to remodeling of the cell surface glycocalyx. Among these, changes in glycosylation patterns have emerged as a powerful strategy to impair both innate and adaptive immune recognition.</p><p>In this context, Rodriguez [<span>18</span>] provides an overview of how aberrant tumor glycosylation contributes to immune escape. The review highlights how specific glycosylation patterns, such as fucosylation, truncated O-glycans, and hypersialylation, interact with inhibitory lectin receptors like Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) and DC-SIGN (a dendritic cell-specific C-type lectin receptor). These altered glycan structures generate an immunosuppressive glyco-code, blunting both innate sensing and T-cell activation. While glycan-targeted therapies are largely preclinical, early clinical trials targeting tumor-associated glycans are underway, highlighting the translational potential of this strategy.</p><p>Building on these broader concepts, two original studies in this issue provide mechanistic insights into tumor-driven immune modulation. Subtil et al. [<span>19</span>] investigate how soluble tumor factors actively reprogram dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment. Using a colorectal cancer organoid model, they show that tumor-derived IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 drive conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) into a dysfunctional DC3-like phenotype, characterized by impaired T cell stimulation. These findings reveal that tumors do not merely suppress immunity passively but actively subvert key antigen-presenting cells. Whether such reprogramming is reversible remains an important open question, with direct implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring dendritic cell function in cancer. Verkerk et al. [<span>20</span>] focus on intrinsic changes in tumor cell surface glycosphingolipids. They demonstrate that the intramembrane protease SPPL3 restrains the accumulation of neolacto-series glycosphingolipids (nsGSLs), structures that otherwise shield tumor cells from γδ T cell- and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. By directly modulating glycan composition, tumors diminish their visibility to innate immune effectors. Although targeting glycosylation presents clear therapeutic potential, translating these findings into clinical interventions will require approaches that selectively remodel tumor glycans without disrupting normal tissue homeostasis.</p><p>Together, these studies emphasize that tumors orchestrate immune escape through coordinated, multilayered strategies, combining cytokine-driven immune cell reprogramming and glycan-mediated immune suppression. Future therapeutic approaches will need to address these interconnected pathways to more effectively overcome tumor immune evasion. Integrating glycobiology into mainstream immuno-oncology will be crucial to achieving broader, more durable responses in cancer patients.</p>","PeriodicalId":165,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Immunology","volume":"55 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.7000,"publicationDate":"2025-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/eji.70030","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"European Journal of Immunology","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/eji.70030","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q2","JCRName":"IMMUNOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

On November 21–22, 2023, the third Joint Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting took place at the Flanders Meeting & Convention Center in Antwerp, Belgium. This event brought together over 700 researchers and clinicians from across the Netherlands and Belgium to exchange the latest insights in fundamental and translational immunology. Co-organized by the Belgian Immunological Society (BIS) and the Dutch Society for Immunology (NVVI), the meeting featured keynote lectures from international leaders in the field, including Prof. Manfred Kopf, Prof. Donna Farber, Dr. Julie Déchanet-Merville, and Prof. Georg Schett. The scientific program also included thematic parallel sessions with selected abstract presentations, poster sessions, and a dedicated Young Investigators session to highlight the work of early-career scientists. Building on the legacy of previous joint BIS–NVVI meetings held in 1988 and 2002, the 2023 edition marked a renewed commitment to cross-border collaboration and the exchange of scientific ideas between the Belgian and Dutch immunology communities.

The Belgian–Dutch Immunology Highlights special issue, inspired by the 2023 Joint Belgian–Dutch Immunology Meeting, features 20 selected original research and review articles, reflecting the scientific diversity and depth of topics presented at the meeting from fundamental insights into infection and inflammation to advances in immune regulation and emerging therapeutic strategies. Among these, we especially highlight seven articles from first-time authors: five by first-time first authors and two by first-time corresponding authors. For many of them, this marks an important milestone in their scientific careers.

Innate immune responses are not only regulated by external cues but are also modulated by sophisticated internal systems, which ensure an adequate balance between activation and suppression to preserve systemic homeostasis as well as tissue integrity.

Koops & Meyaard [1] review a lesser-known yet crucial inhibitory checkpoint in myeloid cells: the inhibitory receptor VSTM1/SIRL-1. As a pattern recognition receptor with an inhibitory function, VSTM1 suppresses the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in response to both host and microbial ligands, including LL37, S100, and bacterial phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs). Its function highlights the importance of active immune dampening mechanisms, especially in contexts where the presence of pathogens does not necessitate the involvement of immune cells, such as in the skin and gut.

Parallel to this, Biscu et al. [2] illustrate how environmental cues, including dietary inputs such as vitamins and iron, microbial metabolites, and local tissue factors, shape macrophage function via metabolic rewiring. This plasticity supports both inflammatory and reparative programs and is central to the concept of macrophage niches. By targeting specific macrophage functions and metabolic processes, macrophages present a versatile target in inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Complementary findings from Ongwe et al. [2] on monocytes extend this idea across populations, showing that Sub-Saharan African individuals exhibit a distinct immunometabolic profile compared to Europeans. Enhanced pentose phosphate pathway activity in Sub-Saharan monocytes fuels higher nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity and increased interleukin-10 (IL-10) production, marking a metabolically-driven and population-specific anti-inflammatory phenotype.

Naesens et al. [4] review how monogenic defects in nucleic acid sensing and type I interferon (IFN-I) signaling influence susceptibility to viral infections. Focusing on innate immune pathways, the authors highlight how both loss- and gain-of-function mutations affect antiviral defense, particularly in the context of herpesviruses, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2. These insights underscore the importance of precision immunology in identifying vulnerable populations and tailoring antiviral therapies accordingly.

Van Eyndhoven's [5] work focuses on plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), key producers of type I interferons (IFN-Is). They demonstrate that cellular decisions to initiate IFN-I production are not solely stimulus-driven but are also influenced by local cell density. pDCs act as “first responders” after pathogen recognition and initiate IFN-I production, which is amplified by autocrine signaling and by paracrine signaling to “second responders”. Importantly, low-density cultures yield a higher proportion of IFN-I producers, confirming quorum sensing as a decision-making strategy. This all-or-nothing behavior ensures that IFN-I levels are tuned to need, preventing excessive inflammation; a principle with implications for autoimmune diseases, where IFN-I pathways are frequently dysregulated.

In the context of acute inflammation, De Visscher et al. [6] studied liver-resident type 1 innate lymphoid cells (ILC1s) in a murine model of macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). Although ILC1s are activated early and produce proinflammatory cytokines such as interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, they rapidly undergo apoptosis, likely due to inflammation-induced mitochondrial stress, while classical NK cells (cNKs) remain largely unaffected. Using Hobit knockout mice, which lack ILC1s but retain cNKs, the study shows that the absence of ILC1s does not impact MAS progression. These findings suggest that ILC1s, despite their early activation, are dispensable for disease development, highlighting functional redundancy within the innate immune system during systemic inflammation.

Together, these studies illustrate how innate immune regulation spans inborn errors, molecular checkpoints, metabolic flexibility, population-wide communication, and functional redundancy, providing a multidimensional understanding of how the innate immune system maintains balance amid challenge.

The capacity of the immune system to distinguish between pathogenic and self-derived signals is fundamental to preserving immune homeostasis. Disruption of this equilibrium by infectious agents or sterile, damage-associated stimuli triggers immune activation, which leads to host defense as well as tissue damage.

Van Smoorenburg et al. [5] investigate how vaginal dysbiosis influences susceptibility to Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. The authors demonstrate that Prevotella timonensis, a bacterium associated with bacterial vaginosis, enhances viral uptake and transmission by mucosal dendritic cells in a subset-specific manner. Their findings highlight how host–microbe interactions at epithelial surfaces modulate viral pathogenesis, underscoring the immune consequences of microbial imbalance.

A comprehensive review by Snik et al. [8] explores the immunopathology of Lyme borreliosis, detailing the dynamic immune responses induced by Borrelia infection. They describe how distinct clinical stages, ranging from erythema migrans to neuroborreliosis and Lyme arthritis, are associated with shifts in Th1/Th2 balance, antibody responses, and autoimmune features. These insights connect infection-induced inflammation to long-term immune dysregulation and loss of tolerance.

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease marked by chronic inflammation and complement activation, van der Meulen et al. [9] reveal that circulating levels of endogenous complement inhibitors correlate inversely with complement consumption, suggesting a disrupted regulatory axis. Although these inhibitors do not distinguish neuropsychiatric SLE, their levels reflect disease activity, adding nuance to the role of the complement system in SLE pathophysiology.

Rubio et al. [10] turn their attention to the central nervous system, examining the macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF)/CD74 axis in traumatic spinal cord injury. Drawing on both animal and human studies, they show that MIF and its receptor CD74 regulate inflammatory and reparative responses via microglia and astrocytes. Their findings position MIF/CD74 as a key mediator in balancing tissue damage and recovery following sterile injury.

In the context of atherosclerosis, Medina et al. [11] investigate the functional role of colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R)-expressing myeloid cells using a targeted depletion model. They find that local ablation of these cells reduces plaque burden, while systemic depletion triggers compensatory myelopoiesis and fails to impact lesion size. This study highlights the context-dependent contributions of monocytes and macrophages to vascular inflammation and remodeling.

Dyczko et al. [12] demonstrate that teriflunomide disrupts mitochondrial respiration in human FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells by targeting complex III, leading to reduced ATP production, loss of suppressive function, and induction of a Th1-like phenotype. These findings reveal how metabolic interference can skew immune regulation and potentially exacerbate autoimmunity.

Together, these articles illustrate how immune responses, whether triggered by pathogens or tissue damage, can tip the balance between protection and pathology. The convergence of microbial cues, host-derived signals, and regulatory imbalances can drive disease across a wide range of contexts. Disentangling these intertwined pathways is essential for developing interventions that precisely modulate immunity without impairing its protective capacity.

T cells are central players in adaptive immunity, and a tight control over their mediator production is required to maintain homeostasis.

Posttranscriptional regulation, mediated by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), allows the swift downregulation of inflammatory mediators, which contribute to autoimmune disease development when left uncontrolled. ZFP36L2 belongs to a family of RBPs that regulates T cell development, differentiation, and effector function. Using a T cell-deficient mouse model for ZFP36L2, Zandhuis et al. [13] show that, while dispensable early in activation, ZFP36L2 limits sustained IFN-γ production during chronic stimulation, providing further understanding of posttranscriptional mechanisms regulating T cell functions.

Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a specialized subset capable of long-term tissue retention and rapid response upon antigen re-exposure. These cells have the capacity to expand in vivo after antigenic stimulation. Beumer-Chuwonpad et al. [14] evaluate the possibility of expanding these cells in vitro, which would allow their use in an immunotherapy setting. They reveal that intraepithelial TRM from the small intestine expand after antigen stimulation and maintain residency gene and effector molecule expression, as well as metabolic features, when cultured in oxygen-limited conditions. This work suggests a viable approach for harnessing TRM cells in adoptive immunotherapy, particularly in mucosal tissues.

Van den Bos et al. [15] explore engineering regulatory T cells to express brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). The authors showed that despite expressing BDNF at the intracellular levels, regulatory T cell (Treg) activation was required to secrete BDNF after editing. This study contributes to understanding the mechanisms governing protein expression and secretion in engineered Tregs, offering insights for optimizing cell-based therapies and advancing immune regulation strategies.

Studying human T cells presents unique challenges compared to animal models. Access to human immune cells, especially rare or recently identified subsets, is often limited, making direct investigation difficult. Biliet et al. [16] present a novel in vitro cultivation system based on ThymoSpheres that generates CD8α T cells resembling the recently identified human αβ unconventional T cells, thereby offering an easy tool to study this emerging lineage. Accurately modeling complex cell–cell interactions, such as those involved in germinal center responses, remains a major hurdle when working with human systems.

Translating fundamental insights into therapeutic strategies requires tools that not only capture biological nuance but also support clinical applicability. Fleischmann et al. [17] review current efforts to model the human germinal center response and provide an overview of existing 2D and 3D in vitro and ex vivo human models of the germinal center reaction. While useful for the study of T–B cell interactions, the authors highlight that these models are currently unable to fully replicate the human GC process and that more physiologically relevant systems to study T–B cell interactions should be developed.

Together, these studies provide new insights into the regulation, modeling, and manipulation of T cells and expand the experimental and conceptual tools available for studying T cells in both basic and translational contexts.

Despite the major advances of immunotherapy, immune evasion remains a defining hallmark of solid tumors. Cancer cells actively reshape the immune microenvironment, using mechanisms ranging from checkpoint modulation to remodeling of the cell surface glycocalyx. Among these, changes in glycosylation patterns have emerged as a powerful strategy to impair both innate and adaptive immune recognition.

In this context, Rodriguez [18] provides an overview of how aberrant tumor glycosylation contributes to immune escape. The review highlights how specific glycosylation patterns, such as fucosylation, truncated O-glycans, and hypersialylation, interact with inhibitory lectin receptors like Siglecs (sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectins) and DC-SIGN (a dendritic cell-specific C-type lectin receptor). These altered glycan structures generate an immunosuppressive glyco-code, blunting both innate sensing and T-cell activation. While glycan-targeted therapies are largely preclinical, early clinical trials targeting tumor-associated glycans are underway, highlighting the translational potential of this strategy.

Building on these broader concepts, two original studies in this issue provide mechanistic insights into tumor-driven immune modulation. Subtil et al. [19] investigate how soluble tumor factors actively reprogram dendritic cells within the tumor microenvironment. Using a colorectal cancer organoid model, they show that tumor-derived IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 drive conventional dendritic cells (cDC2s) into a dysfunctional DC3-like phenotype, characterized by impaired T cell stimulation. These findings reveal that tumors do not merely suppress immunity passively but actively subvert key antigen-presenting cells. Whether such reprogramming is reversible remains an important open question, with direct implications for therapeutic strategies aimed at restoring dendritic cell function in cancer. Verkerk et al. [20] focus on intrinsic changes in tumor cell surface glycosphingolipids. They demonstrate that the intramembrane protease SPPL3 restrains the accumulation of neolacto-series glycosphingolipids (nsGSLs), structures that otherwise shield tumor cells from γδ T cell- and neutrophil-mediated cytotoxicity. By directly modulating glycan composition, tumors diminish their visibility to innate immune effectors. Although targeting glycosylation presents clear therapeutic potential, translating these findings into clinical interventions will require approaches that selectively remodel tumor glycans without disrupting normal tissue homeostasis.

Together, these studies emphasize that tumors orchestrate immune escape through coordinated, multilayered strategies, combining cytokine-driven immune cell reprogramming and glycan-mediated immune suppression. Future therapeutic approaches will need to address these interconnected pathways to more effectively overcome tumor immune evasion. Integrating glycobiology into mainstream immuno-oncology will be crucial to achieving broader, more durable responses in cancer patients.

合作特刊:比利时-荷兰免疫学会议的亮点
2023年11月21日至22日,第三届比利时-荷兰联合免疫学会议在佛兰德斯会议上举行。比利时安特卫普会议中心。本次会议汇集了来自荷兰和比利时的700多名研究人员和临床医生,交流基础和转化免疫学的最新见解。会议由比利时免疫学会(BIS)和荷兰免疫学会(NVVI)共同主办,该领域的国际领导人发表了主题演讲,包括Manfred Kopf教授、Donna Farber教授、Julie dsamchanet - merville博士和Georg Schett教授。科学计划还包括专题平行会议,其中包括精选的抽象报告,海报会议和专门的青年研究人员会议,以突出早期职业科学家的工作。在1988年和2002年举行的BIS-NVVI联合会议的基础上,2023年的会议标志着比利时和荷兰免疫学界对跨境合作和科学思想交流的再次承诺。受2023年比利时-荷兰联合免疫学会议的启发,比利时-荷兰免疫学亮点特刊精选了20篇原创研究和评论文章,反映了会议上提出的主题的科学多样性和深度,从对感染和炎症的基本见解到免疫调节和新兴治疗策略的进展。其中,我们特别强调了7篇首次作者的文章:5篇首次第一作者的文章,2篇首次通讯作者的文章。对他们中的许多人来说,这是他们科学生涯中的一个重要里程碑。先天免疫反应不仅受到外部信号的调节,还受到复杂的内部系统的调节,以确保激活和抑制之间的适当平衡,以保持系统稳态和组织完整性。瘦身,Meyaard[1]回顾了髓细胞中一个鲜为人知但至关重要的抑制检查点:抑制受体VSTM1/SIRL-1。作为一种具有抑制功能的模式识别受体,VSTM1抑制活性氧(ROS)的产生和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱(NETs)的形成,以响应宿主和微生物配体,包括LL37、S100和细菌酚溶性调节素(psm)。它的功能突出了主动免疫抑制机制的重要性,特别是在病原体存在不需要免疫细胞参与的情况下,例如在皮肤和肠道中。与此同时,Biscu等人阐述了环境因素,包括饮食输入,如维生素和铁,微生物代谢物和局部组织因子,如何通过代谢重新布线来塑造巨噬细胞的功能。这种可塑性支持炎症和修复程序,是巨噬细胞生态位概念的核心。通过靶向特定的巨噬细胞功能和代谢过程,巨噬细胞在炎症性疾病(如炎症性肠病)中呈现出多种靶点。Ongwe等人关于单核细胞的补充研究结果将这一观点扩展到人群中,表明撒哈拉以南非洲人与欧洲人相比表现出独特的免疫代谢特征。在撒哈拉以南的单核细胞中,戊糖磷酸途径活性的增强促进了烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸(NADPH)氧化酶活性的提高和白细胞介素-10 (IL-10)产生的增加,标志着代谢驱动和人群特异性的抗炎表型。Naesens等人回顾了核酸传感和I型干扰素(IFN-I)信号传导中的单基因缺陷如何影响对病毒感染的易感性。专注于先天免疫途径,作者强调了功能丧失和功能获得突变如何影响抗病毒防御,特别是在疱疹病毒、流感和SARS-CoV-2的背景下。这些见解强调了精确免疫学在识别易感人群和相应地定制抗病毒治疗方面的重要性。Van Eyndhoven的[5]研究重点是浆细胞样树突状细胞(pDCs),它是I型干扰素(IFN-Is)的主要产生者。他们证明细胞决定启动IFN-I的产生不仅仅是刺激驱动的,而且还受到局部细胞密度的影响。在病原体识别后,pDCs充当“第一响应者”,并启动IFN-I的产生,IFN-I通过自分泌信号和旁分泌信号向“第二响应者”放大。重要的是,低密度培养产生更高比例的IFN-I生产者,确认群体感应作为决策策略。这种全有或全无的行为确保IFN-I水平被调整到需要的水平,防止过度炎症;在自身免疫性疾病中,IFN-I通路经常失调。在急性炎症的背景下,De Visscher等。 [6]在巨噬细胞激活综合征(MAS)小鼠模型中研究了肝脏驻留型1先天淋巴样细胞(ILC1s)。尽管ILC1s在早期被激活并产生促炎细胞因子,如干扰素(IFN)-γ和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α,但它们可能由于炎症诱导的线粒体应激而迅速发生凋亡,而经典NK细胞(cnk)基本上不受影响。使用缺乏ILC1s但保留cNKs的Hobit基因敲除小鼠,研究表明缺乏ILC1s不会影响MAS的进展。这些发现表明,尽管ILC1s在早期被激活,但在疾病发展中是必不可少的,这突出了在系统性炎症期间先天免疫系统中的功能冗余。总之,这些研究说明了先天免疫调节如何跨越先天错误、分子检查点、代谢灵活性、人群范围内的沟通和功能冗余,为先天免疫系统如何在挑战中保持平衡提供了多维的理解。免疫系统区分病原性和自源性信号的能力是维持免疫稳态的基础。感染因子或无菌损伤相关刺激破坏这种平衡会触发免疫激活,从而导致宿主防御和组织损伤。Van smomorenburg等人研究了阴道生态失调如何影响人类免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)感染的易感性。作者证明,与细菌性阴道病相关的普雷沃氏菌(Prevotella timmonensis)可以通过粘膜树突状细胞以亚群特异性的方式增强病毒的摄取和传播。他们的发现强调了宿主-微生物在上皮表面的相互作用如何调节病毒的发病机制,强调了微生物失衡的免疫后果。Snik等人对莱姆病的免疫病理进行了全面的研究,详细介绍了莱姆病感染引起的动态免疫反应。他们描述了不同的临床阶段,从移行性红斑到神经螺旋体病和莱姆病,如何与Th1/Th2平衡、抗体反应和自身免疫特征的变化相关。这些见解将感染引起的炎症与长期免疫失调和耐受性丧失联系起来。在系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)中,一种典型的自身免疫性疾病,以慢性炎症和补体激活为特征,van der Meulen等人发现循环中内源性补体抑制剂的水平与补体消耗呈负相关,表明调节轴被破坏。虽然这些抑制剂不能区分神经精神性SLE,但它们的水平反映了疾病的活动性,增加了补体系统在SLE病理生理中的作用。Rubio等人将注意力转向中枢神经系统,研究外伤性脊髓损伤中巨噬细胞迁移抑制因子(MIF)/CD74轴。通过动物和人类研究,他们发现MIF及其受体CD74通过小胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞调节炎症和修复反应。他们的发现表明MIF/CD74是无菌损伤后平衡组织损伤和恢复的关键介质。在动脉粥样硬化的背景下,Medina等人使用靶向耗竭模型研究了表达集落刺激因子1受体(CSF1R)的骨髓细胞的功能作用。他们发现这些细胞的局部消融减少了斑块负担,而全身消耗触发代偿性骨髓生成,并不能影响病变大小。这项研究强调了单核细胞和巨噬细胞对血管炎症和重塑的环境依赖性贡献。Dyczko等人证明,teriflunomide通过靶向复合物III破坏人类FOXP3 +调节性T细胞的线粒体呼吸,导致ATP生成减少,抑制功能丧失,并诱导th1样表型。这些发现揭示了代谢干扰如何扭曲免疫调节并可能加剧自身免疫。总之,这些文章说明了免疫反应,无论是由病原体还是组织损伤引发的,都可以打破保护和病理之间的平衡。微生物信号、宿主来源的信号和调节失衡的趋同可以在广泛的背景下驱动疾病。解开这些交织在一起的途径对于开发精确调节免疫而不损害其保护能力的干预措施至关重要。T细胞是适应性免疫的核心角色,需要严格控制其介质的产生以维持体内平衡。由rna结合蛋白(rbp)介导的转录后调控允许炎症介质的快速下调,当不受控制时,炎症介质有助于自身免疫性疾病的发展。 ZFP36L2属于调控T细胞发育、分化和效应功能的rbp家族。Zandhuis等人使用T细胞缺陷小鼠模型研究ZFP36L2,结果表明,虽然ZFP36L2在激活早期是不可缺少的,但它限制了慢性刺激过程中IFN-γ的持续产生,从而进一步了解了调节T细胞功能的转录后机制。组织驻留记忆T细胞(TRM)是一个特殊的子集,能够长期组织保留和抗原再暴露后的快速反应。这些细胞在受到抗原刺激后具有在体内扩增的能力。Beumer-Chuwonpad等人评估了在体外扩增这些细胞的可能性,这将允许它们在免疫治疗环境中使用。他们发现,当在缺氧条件下培养时,来自小肠的上皮内TRM在抗原刺激后扩张,并维持驻留基因和效应分子的表达以及代谢特征。这项工作提出了在过继免疫治疗中利用TRM细胞的可行方法,特别是在粘膜组织中。Van den Bos等人探索工程调节性T细胞表达脑源性神经营养因子(BDNF)。作者表明,尽管在细胞内水平表达BDNF,但编辑后需要调节性T细胞(Treg)激活才能分泌BDNF。本研究有助于了解工程Tregs中蛋白表达和分泌的调控机制,为优化细胞治疗和推进免疫调节策略提供见解。与动物模型相比,研究人类T细胞面临着独特的挑战。获得人体免疫细胞,特别是罕见的或最近发现的亚群,往往是有限的,这使得直接调查变得困难。Biliet等人提出了一种基于ThymoSpheres的新型体外培养系统,该系统产生的CD8α T细胞类似于最近鉴定的人类αβ非常规T细胞,从而为研究这一新兴谱系提供了一种简单的工具。准确地模拟复杂的细胞-细胞相互作用,例如那些涉及生发中心反应的相互作用,仍然是研究人类系统时的一个主要障碍。将基本见解转化为治疗策略需要工具,不仅要捕捉生物学的细微差别,还要支持临床适用性。Fleischmann等人回顾了目前对人类生发中心反应建模的努力,并概述了现有的2D和3D体外和离体人体生发中心反应模型。虽然对研究T-B细胞相互作用有用,但作者强调,这些模型目前无法完全复制人类GC过程,并且应该开发更多生理学相关的系统来研究T-B细胞相互作用。总之,这些研究为T细胞的调控、建模和操作提供了新的见解,并扩展了在基础和转化背景下研究T细胞的实验和概念工具。尽管免疫疗法取得了重大进展,但免疫逃避仍然是实体瘤的一个标志性特征。癌细胞积极重塑免疫微环境,使用从检查点调节到细胞表面糖萼重塑的机制。其中,糖基化模式的变化已成为损害先天和适应性免疫识别的有力策略。在此背景下,Rodriguez[18]概述了异常肿瘤糖基化如何促进免疫逃逸。该综述强调了特异性糖基化模式,如聚焦化、截断的o -聚糖和高唾液酰化,如何与抑制性凝集素受体如Siglecs(唾液酸结合免疫球蛋白样凝集素)和DC-SIGN(树突状细胞特异性c型凝集素受体)相互作用。这些改变的聚糖结构产生免疫抑制糖密码,减弱先天感知和t细胞激活。虽然聚糖靶向治疗主要是临床前,但针对肿瘤相关聚糖的早期临床试验正在进行中,突出了该策略的转化潜力。基于这些更广泛的概念,本期的两项原始研究为肿瘤驱动的免疫调节提供了机制见解。Subtil等人研究了可溶性肿瘤因子如何在肿瘤微环境中主动重编程树突状细胞。使用结直肠癌类器官模型,他们表明肿瘤来源的IL-6和前列腺素E2驱动传统的树突状细胞(cDC2s)进入功能失调的dc3样表型,其特征是T细胞刺激受损。这些发现表明,肿瘤不仅被动地抑制免疫,而且主动地破坏关键的抗原呈递细胞。这种重编程是否可逆仍然是一个重要的开放性问题,它直接影响到旨在恢复癌症树突状细胞功能的治疗策略。Verkerk等人。 [20]关注肿瘤细胞表面鞘糖脂的内在变化。他们证明膜内蛋白酶SPPL3抑制新乳酸系列鞘糖脂(nsGSLs)的积累,这种结构可以保护肿瘤细胞免受γδ T细胞和中性粒细胞介导的细胞毒性。通过直接调节聚糖组成,肿瘤降低了它们对先天免疫效应物的可见性。虽然靶向糖基化具有明显的治疗潜力,但将这些发现转化为临床干预将需要在不破坏正常组织稳态的情况下选择性地重塑肿瘤聚糖。总之,这些研究强调肿瘤通过协调的多层策略,结合细胞因子驱动的免疫细胞重编程和聚糖介导的免疫抑制来协调免疫逃逸。未来的治疗方法将需要解决这些相互关联的途径,以更有效地克服肿瘤免疫逃避。将糖生物学整合到主流免疫肿瘤学中对于在癌症患者中获得更广泛、更持久的应答至关重要。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
8.30
自引率
3.70%
发文量
224
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: The European Journal of Immunology (EJI) is an official journal of EFIS. Established in 1971, EJI continues to serve the needs of the global immunology community covering basic, translational and clinical research, ranging from adaptive and innate immunity through to vaccines and immunotherapy, cancer, autoimmunity, allergy and more. Mechanistic insights and thought-provoking immunological findings are of interest, as are studies using the latest omics technologies. We offer fast track review for competitive situations, including recently scooped papers, format free submission, transparent and fair peer review and more as detailed in our policies.
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