Higher Physical Activity Level is Associated With Increased Well-being and Better Mental Health in Women up to 4 Years Postpartum: A Cohort Study.

Abstract

Background: Many women reduce physical activity (PA) level during pregnancy, which may contribute to increased risk of mental health challenges. The aim was to describe changes in PA levels in women over a 4-year postpartum period and to investigate associations between PA level and mental health.

Methods: Seven hundred fifteen Norwegian women recruited from child health centers and social media completed web questionnaires. PA was measured 5, 12, 24, and 48 months postpartum as frequency per week (>30 min short of breath/sweating): <1/week, 1 to 2/week, and ≥3/week. Mental health was measured 5, 12, and 24 months postpartum and included psychological distress, self-efficacy, joy/anger, and depression. Change in PA levels was analyzed with Friedman test using longitudinal data, and associations were analyzed with multiple linear/logistic regression using cross sectional data.

Results: In the 207 women completing all PA measurements, the levels showed a consistent pattern throughout the period. On a group level, there was a decrease in PA frequency from 5 to 12 months (P < .001) and an increase from 12 to 24 months (P = .024). Higher PA levels were associated with increased joy (β = 0.17; 95% CI, 0.04-0.31; P = .012) and self-efficacy (β = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.12-0.39; P < .001) 5 months postpartum and reduced depression symptoms (β = -0.16; 95% CI, -0.30 to -0.01; P = .036) and risk of psychological distress (odds ratio = 0.27; 95% CI, 0.09-0.79; P = .017) 12 months postpartum.

Conclusion: Most of the women had a low PA level postpartum, and the levels showed a consistent pattern throughout the period. The findings indicated that higher levels of PA were associated with better mental health in postpartum women.