Preventing pressure injuries in individuals with impaired mobility: Best practices and future directions.

Abstract

Pressure injuries, also known as decubitus ulcers or bedsores, are a major source of preventable morbidity among individuals with impaired mobility, particularly those recovering from spinal cord injury, stroke, or traumatic brain injury. These wounds not only prolong hospital stays and increase healthcare costs but also significantly impair rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pathophysiology and risk factors underlying pressure injury development, emphasizing the unique vulnerabilities of patients with sensory loss, malnutrition, obesity, and incontinence. It synthesizes current best practices in prevention, including repositioning schedules, the use of pressure-redistributing support surfaces, moisture control, and nutritional optimization. The role of risk assessment tools such as the Braden Scale is examined alongside newer technologies like pressure mapping systems, Artificial intelligence-based prediction algorithms and biofeedback tools enhance individualization of care. Pharmacologic strategies and wound management principles, including debridement and antimicrobial use, are discussed in the context of multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Implementation challenges such as staffing constraints, variability across care settings, and financial limitations are addressed, and future directions are proposed to better integrate skin integrity metrics into functional outcome measures. Ultimately, this review advocates for a proactive, interdisciplinary approach that aligns preventive strategies with personalized care and emerging technology, positioning pressure injury prevention as a core component of high-quality, value-based medicine.